Economic Impact of Emergency Visits due to Drug-Related Morbidity on a Brazilian Hospital.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the cost of managing drug-related morbidity (DRM) that leads to visits to the emergency department of a Brazilian hospital. METHODS: This is a cost-of-illness study based on a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of patients' medical records. A questionnaire and analysis of medical records were used to identify patients who were being admitted to the emergency department because of DRM. The direct medical costs of patient management were estimated using a microcosting analysis, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted using the emergency department visit rates due to DRM reported in the literature. RESULTS: Of the total patients interviewed, 14.6% sought emergency care because of DRM and 58.9% were considered preventable. Mean treatment costs were US $900 ± $1,569 (range US $18-$10,847). An extrapolation based on all emergency visits in the last year resulted in annual total treatment costs of US $7.5 million (US $1.1-$1.4 million). It was observed that 39.3% of the total cost of DRM was attributed to adverse drug reactions, 36.9% to nonadherence to treatment, and 16.9% to incorrect dosages. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse drug reactions and nonadherence to treatment are important causes of morbidity and cost to the health service. Much of this resource is spent to treat preventable cases of DRM, which represents a great waste of resources.

[Analysis of contractual incentives for kidney transplants in Brazil using the principal-agent model]. / Análise dos incentivos contratuais de transplantes de rins no Brasil pelo modelo agente-principal.

The aim of this article was to analyze contractual incentives for kidney transplants in Brazil based on the principal-agent model. The approach assumes that the Brazilian Ministry of Health is the principal and the public hospitals accredited by the National Transplant System are the agent. The Ministry of Health's welfare depends on measures taken by hospitals in kidney uptake. Hospitals allocate administrative, financial, and management efforts to conduct measures in kidney donation, removal, uptake, and transplantation. Hospitals may choose the levels of effort that are consistent with the payments and incentives received in relation to transplantation costs. The solution to this type of problem lies in structuring an optimal incentives contract, which requires aligning the interests of both parties involved in the transplantation system.

[Court-ordered access to treatment of rare genetic diseases: Fabry Disease in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. / Judicialização do acesso ao tratamento de doenças genéticas raras: a doença de Fabry no Rio Grande do Sul.

Court-ordered access to high-cost drugs for rare genetic diseases, such as Fabry Disease (alpha-galactosidase-A deficiency), is a growing phenomenon as yet lacking systematic study. An observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted to characterize the lawsuits related to access to treatment for Fabry Disease by Enzyme Replacement Therapy in the State of Rio Grande do Sul prior to 2007. The study identified 13 lawsuits and 17 plaintiffs, 11 requesting alfa and 6 betagalsidase. The State of RS, the Federal Government, and 5 municipalities figured as defendants, in the form of joinder of parties or otherwise. There were 13 requests for interlocutory relief of which 12 were granted, and 2 sentences were handed down, both favorable. "Risk of death" was alleged by doctors in 4 prescriptions and by lawyers in the 13 lawsuits. The data suggest the lack of discussions combining aspects of medical efficacy and safety, cost-effectiveness, economic impact, and legal and constitutional arguments, which requires a specific policy for rare genetic diseases to standardize access to treatment.

Judicialização do acesso ao tratamento de doenças genéticas raras: a doença de Fabry no Rio Grande do Sul / Court-ordered access to treatment of rare genetic diseases: Fabry Disease in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

A judicialização do acesso a medicamentos de alto custo para doenças genéticas raras, como a doença de Fabry (deficiência de alfa-galactosidase A), é um fenômeno crescente e pouco estudado de forma sistemática. Realizou-se um estudo observacional, transversal e retrospectivo para caracterizar as ações judiciais relativas ao acesso ao tratamento da doença de Fabry por terapia de reposição enzimática no estado do Rio Grande do Sul até 2007. Foram identificadas 13 ações e 17 demandantes. Onze solicitaram alfa e 6 betagalsidase. Figuraram como réus o estado do RS, a União e 5 municípios, em litisconsórcio ou não. Houve 13 pedidos de antecipação da tutela, 12 concedidos, e 2 sentenças, ambas procedentes. "Risco de morte" foi alegado, por médicos, em 4 prescrições e, por advogados, nas 13 ações. Os dados sugerem a ausência de discussões que envolvam conjuntamente aspectos de eficácia e segurança médicas, custo-efetividade, impacto econômico e argumentos jurídico-constitucionais, sendo necessária uma política específica para doenças genéticas raras que padronize o acesso aos tratamentos.

Court-ordered access to high-cost drugs for rare genetic diseases, such as Fabry Disease (alpha-galactosidase-A deficiency), is a growing phenomenon as yet lacking systematic study. An observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted to characterize the lawsuits related to access to treatment for Fabry Disease by Enzyme Replacement Therapy in the State of Rio Grande do Sul prior to 2007. The study identified 13 lawsuits and 17 plaintiffs, 11 requesting alfa and 6 betagalsidase. The State of RS, the Federal Government, and 5 municipalities figured as defendants, in the form of joinder of parties or otherwise. There were 13 requests for interlocutory relief of which 12 were granted, and 2 sentences were handed down, both favorable. "Risk of death" was alleged by doctors in 4 prescriptions and by lawyers in the 13 lawsuits. The data suggest the lack of discussions combining aspects of medical efficacy and safety, cost-effectiveness, economic impact, and legal and constitutional arguments, which requires a specific policy for rare genetic diseases to standardize access to treatment.

Influence of organic and functional dyspepsia on work productivity: the HEROES-DIP study.

OBJECTIVES: Dyspepsia is defined as persistent or recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen. Dyspepsia represents up to 8.3% of all primary care physician visits and causes huge economic costs to patients and to the economy as a whole. The aim of this study was to measure the influence of dyspepsia on work productivity of people within the Brazilian workforce. METHODS: Adult patients were enrolled if they met the Roma III criteria for uninvestigated dyspepsia. All patients answered a demographic questionnaire. Productivity impairment was measured by the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire. Subjects underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and were classified as having functional or organic dyspepsia. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. RESULTS: Eight hundred fifty patients with dyspepsia were evaluated: 628 were women (73.9%); mean age was 46.4 ± 12.9 years; 387 (45.5%) were active workers. Among active workers, 32.2% mentioned that dyspepsia had caused absenteeism from work during the preceding week and 78% reported a reduction of the work productivity (presenteeism). The lost work productivity score was 35.7% among all employed patients. The affect on work productivity was similar between patients with functional or organic dyspepsia. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed an important influence of dyspepsia on work productivity. We did not find any statistically significant difference on the influence on work between patients with organic dyspepsia and functional dyspepsia. The social impact of these findings is underscored by taking into account the prevalence (up to 40%) of this condition in Brazil.