[Crystalline lens photodisruption using femtosecond laser: experimental study]. / Photodisruption cristallinienne par laser femtoseconde : étude expérimentale.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the interactions during femtosecond (fs) laser photodisruption in ex vivo porcine crystalline lenses and to study the parameters for laser interaction optimization. METHODS: An experimental femtosecond laser was used. The laser characteristics were: 1030 nm wavelength; pulse duration, 400 fs; and numerical aperture, 0.13. Specific software was created to custom and monitor any type of photoablation pattern for treatment purposes. Porcine crystalline lenses were placed in an open sky holder filled with physiological liquid (BSS) covered by a glass plate. A numerical camera was associated with metrological software in order to magnify and quantify the results. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on some samples to identify the microscopic plasma interactions with the lens. The optimization of parameters was investigated in terms of the optical breakdown threshold, the sizing of interactions, and the best pattern for alignments. More than 150 crystalline lenses of freshly enucleated pigs were treated. RESULTS: The optical breakdown threshold (OBT) was defined as the minimal energy level per pulse necessary to observe a physical interaction. In our study, the OBT varied according to the following parameters: the crystalline lens itself, varying from 4.2 to 7.6 µJ (mean, 5.1 µJ), and the depth of laser focus, varying up to 1 µJ, increasing in the depth of the tissue. Analyzing the distance between impacts, we observed that the closer the impacts were the less power was needed to create a clear well-drawn defect pattern (lines), i.e., with a 4-µJ optimized OBT, when the impacts were placed every 2 µm for the x,y directions and 60 µm for the z direction. Coalescent bubbles created by plasma formation always disappeared in less than 24h. The nonthermal effect of plasma and the innocuousness on surrounding tissues were proven by the TEM results. DISCUSSION: The crystalline lens photodisruption by the femtosecond laser seems an innovative technique usable in the ultra precise crystalline lens cutting. Experimental studies in vivo are necessary in order to define of them the applications (surgery of the cataract and presbyopia) and limits in the cavitations bubbles kinetic and transfer.

Relativistic electron generation in interactions of a 30 TW laser pulse with a thin foil target.

Energy and angular distributions of the fast outgoing electron beam induced by the interaction of a 1 J, 30 fs, 2 x 10(19) W/cm(2), 10 Hz laser with a thin foil target are characterized by electron energy spectroscopy and photonuclear reactions. We have investigated the effect of the target thickness and the intensity contrast ratio level on the electron production. Using a 6-microm polyethylene target, up to 4 x 10(8) electrons with energies between 5 and 60 MeV were produced per laser pulse and converted to gamma rays by bremsstrahlung in a Ta secondary target. The rates of photofission of U as well as photonuclear reactions in Cu, Au, and C samples have been measured. In optimal focusing conditions, about 0.06% of the laser energy has been converted to outgoing electrons with energies above 5 MeV. Such electrons leave the target in the laser direction with an opening angle of 2.5 degrees.

High-energy electron beam production by femtosecond laser interactions with exploding-foil plasmas.

The interaction of an ultraintense, 30-fs laser pulse with a preformed plasma was investigated as a method of producing a beam of high-energy electrons. We used thin foil targets that are exploded by the laser amplified spontaneous emission preceding the main pulse. Optical diagnostics show that the main pulse interacts with a plasma whose density is well below the critical density. By varying the foil thickness, we were able to obtain a substantial emission of electrons in a narrow cone along the laser direction with a typical energy well above the laser ponderomotive potential. These results are explained in terms of wake-field acceleration.

Observation of a train of attosecond pulses from high harmonic generation.

In principle, the temporal beating of superposed high harmonics obtained by focusing a femtosecond laser pulse in a gas jet can produce a train of very short intensity spikes, depending on the relative phases of the harmonics. We present a method to measure such phases through two-photon, two-color photoionization. We found that the harmonics are locked in phase and form a train of 250-attosecond pulses in the time domain. Harmonic generation may be a promising source for attosecond time-resolved measurements.

Saturated amplification of a collisionally pumped optical-field-ionization soft X-ray laser at 41.8 nm.

We report the first saturated amplification of an optical-field-ionization soft x-ray laser. The amplifying medium is generated by focusing a circularly polarized 330-mJ, 35-fs, 10-Hz Ti:sapphire laser system in a few-mm cell filled with xenon. A gain of 67 cm(-1) on the 4d(9)5p-4d(9)5d transition at 41.8 nm in Pd-like xenon and a gain-length product of 15 have been inferred at saturation. This source delivers about 5 x 10(9) photons per pulse. The influence of the pumping energy and the laser polarization on the lasing output are also presented.

Non-thermal melting in semiconductors measured at femtosecond resolution.

Ultrafast time-resolved optical spectroscopy has revealed new classes of physical, chemical and biological reactions, in which directed, deterministic motions of atoms have a key role. This contrasts with the random, diffusive motion of atoms across activation barriers that typically determines kinetic rates on slower timescales. An example of these new processes is the ultrafast melting of semiconductors, which is believed to arise from a strong modification of the inter-atomic forces owing to laser-induced promotion of a large fraction (10% or more) of the valence electrons to the conduction band. The atoms immediately begin to move and rapidly gain sufficient kinetic energy to induce melting--much faster than the several picoseconds required to convert the electronic energy into thermal motions. Here we present measurements of the characteristic melting time of InSb with a recently developed technique of ultrafast time-resolved X-ray diffraction that, in contrast to optical spectroscopy, provides a direct probe of the changing atomic structure. The data establish unambiguously a loss of long-range order up to 900 A inside the crystal, with time constants as short as 350 femtoseconds. This ability to obtain the quantitative structural characterization of non-thermal processes should find widespread application in the study of ultrafast dynamics in other physical, chemical and biological systems.

Angular Goos-Hänchen effect in curved dielectric microstructures.

A macroscopic angular Goos-Hänchen effect at total reflection on curved interfaces is studied experimentally. The results are compared with the complex-angular-momentum model of quasi-critical scattering. An extremum in angular deflection, which has not yet been predicted by any theory other than exact Mie scattering computations, is identified at low size parameters.

Optical-activity measurements with bihelicoidal laser eigenstates.

A novel, doubly differential method for the measurement of optical activity that uses the so-called bihelicoidal eigenstates of a laser is demonstrated. An experimental realization is presented, and prospects are discussed.