Multi-level analysis of the gut-brain axis shows autism spectrum disorder-associated molecular and microbial profiles.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by heterogeneous cognitive, behavioral and communication impairments. Disruption of the gut-brain axis (GBA) has been implicated in ASD although with limited reproducibility across studies. In this study, we developed a Bayesian differential ranking algorithm to identify ASD-associated molecular and taxa profiles across 10 cross-sectional microbiome datasets and 15 other datasets, including dietary patterns, metabolomics, cytokine profiles and human brain gene expression profiles. We found a functional architecture along the GBA that correlates with heterogeneity of ASD phenotypes, and it is characterized by ASD-associated amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid profiles predominantly encoded by microbial species in the genera Prevotella, Bifidobacterium, Desulfovibrio and Bacteroides and correlates with brain gene expression changes, restrictive dietary patterns and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles. The functional architecture revealed in age-matched and sex-matched cohorts is not present in sibling-matched cohorts. We also show a strong association between temporal changes in microbiome composition and ASD phenotypes. In summary, we propose a framework to leverage multi-omic datasets from well-defined cohorts and investigate how the GBA influences ASD.

Increased Cardiovascular Mortality in Ecuador during COVID-19 Pandemic.

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), represented a high burden for low and middle-income countries. Patients with NCDs are at higher risk of COVID-19 and suffer worse clinical outcomes. We present mortality trends for myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, hypertension (HT), and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) from 2005 to 2021 in Ecuador. The greatest increase in mortality observed in the pandemic was in AMI, T2DM, and HT. Factors related to COVID-19, health services, and patients with NCDs could contribute to these important increases in mortality.

Epidemiology of non-oncological high-impact chronic pain in Ecuadorian adults in 2022.

Background: There are limited data on non-oncological high-impact chronic pain (HICP) in Ecuador; we report the epidemiological characteristics of HICP. Materials & methods: In this cross-sectional study, we included a random sample of adult individuals who had cell phones. Results & conclusion: The weighted prevalence of HICP was 9.0%: 12.3% for women and 5.6% for men (p = 0.001). HICP was more frequently localized in the lower back and affected the economically active population. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were more commonly used; however, 61% of patients indicated that the effectiveness of their management was low. Overall, HICP had a negative impact on daily life activities. The effectiveness of the current treatment was low and should include an integrated approach.

We report the frequency, characteristics and associated factors of non-cancer high-impact chronic pain (HICP) in Ecuador. HICP refers to pain that has been felt constantly in the last 3 months. Women were more often affected, and the pain was more commonly localized in the lower back. Most patients indicated that their pain treatment was poor. HICP was common and had a negative impact on daily life activities. The current treatment of HICP must consider the physical and mental aspects of the people who suffer from it; this requires a combination of treatments such as drugs, exercise, physical rehabilitation and mind­body interventions.

Effect of convalescent plasma as complementary treatment in patients with moderate COVID-19 infection.

INTRODUCTION: South America is one of the regions most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific and affordable treatments are needed to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Evidence regarding the use of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients is still limited. We compared the safety and efficacy of COVID-19-convalescent plasma administration as a complement to standard treatment in the early management of patients with moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: We carried out a random double blinded, placebo-controlled trial that compared standard treatment plus convalescent plasma (CP) or plus non-convalescent plasma in the management of COVID-19 patients. The main outcome was survival and secondary endpoints included: length of hospitalisation (LOH), days from treatment to discharge, time to clinical improvement or death within a 28-day period, and adverse reactions to treatment. RESULTS: Administration of CP with antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 did not affect patient survival, RR = 1.003, 95% CI (0.3938, 2.555). These results led to terminate the RCT prematurely. However, early treatment of COVID-19 patients with CP tended to decrease the LOH while the delay in CP treatment was associated with longer hospitalisation. In addition, delay in CP treatment negatively affected the recovery of the respiratory rate. CONCLUSION: Use of CP for the treatment of COVID-19 patients is safe and its early use can decrease the LOH and improve respiratory function. Early administration of antibody-rich CP could contribute to decrease the negative impact of COVID-19 pandemic in patients with impaired immune response.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type-2 and their association with intake of dairy and legume in Andean communities of Ecuador.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are metabolic alterations associated with high morbidity and mortality, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Diet has a significant impact on the risk to develop MetS and T2D; in this regard, consumption of fruits, vegetables, and protein rich foods (from plant and animals) are important to prevent and manage these pathologies. There are limited studies regarding the potential association between Andean foods rich in proteins and the presence of cardio-metabolic conditions in Ecuador. It is necessary to develop new low-cost, local-culturally acceptable strategies to reduce the burden of cardio-metabolic diseases. We describe the prevalence (baseline data) of MetS and T2D in the Ecuadorian cohort of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study and their potential association with the consumption of protein rich foods, including beef, white meat, dairy and legumes. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed 1,997 individuals aged 35-70 years (mean age 51 years, 72% women), included in the Ecuadorian cohort of the PURE study, from February to December 2018. The prevalence of MetS was 42% for male and 44% for female participants; the prevalence of T2D was 9% for male and 10% for female. Metabolic syndrome and T2D were more common in women older than 50 years of age with primary education or less, low economic income, and with obesity; MetS was more frequent in the rural area while T2D was more frequent in the urban area. Using logistic regression analysis, we observed a significant protective effect of higher consumption of dairy and legumes in the prevalence of MetS and T2D compared with low consumption. It will be important to develop policies for ample production and consumption of protein rich foods such as legumes and dairy, part of traditional diets, to reduce the burden of cardio-metabolic diseases.

Low levels of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Andean communities of Ecuador.

The major burden of hypertension (HTN) occurs in low-middle-income countries (LMIC) and it is the main modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Few population studies on HTN prevalence have been carried out in Ecuador where there is limited information regarding its prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of HTN and its association with socio-economic, nutritional, and lifestyle habits in urban and rural Andean communities of Pichincha province in Ecuador. The authors studied 2020 individuals aged 35-70 years (mean age 50.8 years, 72% women), included in the Ecuadorian cohort of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study, from February to December 2018. The hypertension prevalence (>140/90 mmHg) was 27% and was greater in urban than in rural communities, more common in men, in individuals older than 50 years of age, in people with low monthly income and low level of education. Higher prevalence was also observed in subjects with obesity, and among former smokers and those who consumed alcohol. Only 49% of those with HTN were aware of their condition, 40% were using antihypertensive medications, and 19% had their blood pressure under control (<140/90 mmHg). These results showed low levels of awareness, treatment, and control of HTN in the Andean region of Ecuador, suggesting the urgent necessity of implementing programs to improve the diagnosis and management of HTN.

Duodenal microbiome in patients with or without Helicobacter pylori infection.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal microbiota are recognized as an organ with important physiological functions whose alterations have been associated with common diseases including inflammatory intestinal conditions, malnutrition, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The composition and function of the microbiota in the distal part of the intestine has been mainly described, while there is limited information on the small intestine microbiota. The objective of the present study was to describe the duodenal microbiome in individuals with dyspepsia in the presence or absence of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight biopsies from the proximal duodenum of uninfected and 37 from H pylori-infected individuals were analyzed. Microbiota composition was assessed by PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS genes; sequences were analyzed with QIIME2. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: At the phyla level, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria were predominant in the mucosal associated duodenal microbiota (MAM); at the genera level, we observed the predominance of Ralstonia, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Haemophilus, Herbaspirillum, Neisseria, and Veillonella. Microbiota α-diversity was higher in H pylori-infected individuals than in non-infected ones. In terms of ß-diversity metrics, there was a statistically significant difference between groups. Also, relative abundance of Haemophilus, Neisseria, Prevotella pallens, Prevotella 7, and Streptococcus was greater in H pylori-infected patients. In infected patients, several types of H pylori were present in duodenal MAM. Finally, the majority of duodenal samples had fungi sequences; the most common taxa observed were Recurvomyces followed by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.

Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 as complementary treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection on gut microbiome.

Conventional therapy for H. pylori infection includes the combination of antibiotics and a proton-pump inhibitor. Addition of probiotics as adjuvants for H. pylori antibiotic treatment can increase eradication rate and decrease treatment side effects. Although many studies show the benefits of S. boulardii CNCM I-745 in the treatment of H. pylori infection, the mechanism by which those benefits are achieved is unknown. Here, we report clinical characteristics and fecal microbiota changes comparing conventional anti-H. pylori therapy versus conventional therapy supplemented with S. boulardii CNCM I-745. A total of 74 patients were included in the current study; patients positive for H. pylori (n = 63) were randomly assigned to 2 groups: 34 patients received conventional therapy and 29 antibiotic therapy plus 750 mg of S. boulardii CNCM I-745 daily, for 2 weeks. Eleven patients negative for H. pylori infection were also studied. Patients provided 3 fecal samples: before initiating the antibiotic treatment, upon its completion, and 1 month after treatment. Patients were contacted every 72 h to inquire about side effects and compliance. DNA was extracted, and 16S rRNA was amplified and sequenced on Illumina MiSeq. Bioinformatic analysis was performed using QIIME2. Patients who received the probiotic had a significantly lower frequency of associated gastrointestinal symptoms (P = 0.028); higher number of bacterial diversity evenness (P = 0.0156); higher abundance of Enterobacteria; and lower abundance of Bacteroides and Clostridia upon treatment completion. Addition of S. boulardii CNCM I-745 induced a lower frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms that could be related to changes in gut microbiota.

Analysis of gut microbiome, nutrition and immune status in autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study in Ecuador.

Most studies on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk factors have been conducted in developed countries where ethnicity and environment are different than in developing countries. We compared nutritional status, immune response and microbiota composition in mestizo children with ASD with matched controls in Ecuador. Twenty-five cases and 35 controls were matched by age, sex and school location. The prevalence of under- and overweight was higher in children with ASD. Nutritional differences were accompanied by abnormal food habits and more frequent gastrointestinal symptoms in children with ASD. Also, greater serum concentrations of TGF-ß1 were observed in children with ASD. Finally, there was greater alpha diversity and abundance of Bacteroides (2 OTUs), Akkermansia, Coprococcus and different species of Ruminococcus in ASD children.

Free Amino Acid Content in Human Milk is Associated with Infant Gender and Weight Gain during the First Four Months of Lactation.

BACKGROUND: There is a growing interest regarding the physiological role of free amino acids (FAA) present in human milk (HM). Recent studies show FAA in HM could be influenced by infants' gender and could have an important role in their growth and development. We studied the concentrations of FAA in HM and potential associations with infants' gender and their patterns of growth in a cohort of Ecuadorian women. METHODS: Human milk samples were collected after approximately eight hours of overnight fast within one week (colostrum), 2 weeks (transition milk), and 2 and/or 4 months (mature milk) after parturition. Free AA were determined by cation-exchange chromatography separation. RESULTS: We observed significantly higher concentrations of Glu 14.40 (1.35, 27.44), Gly 1.82 (0.24, 3.4), Cys 0.36 (0.03, 0.68), and Tyr 0.24 (0.02, 0.46) in HM intended for boys. Free Glu, Gly, Cys, and Tyr concentrations increased with time of lactation. In addition, there were higher concentrations of Glu 28.62 (1.78, 55.46) and Ala 7.16 (1.26, 13.06) in HM for children that presented faster weight gain than for those with slower gain. CONCLUSIONS: The present results showed that there are differences in FAA levels in HM intended for male and fast-growing children.

Efficacy of a Lupinus mutabilis Sweet snack as complement to conventional type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment / Eficacia de un tentempié de Lupinus mutabilis Sweet como complemento al tratamiento convencional de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Introduction: therapeutic lifestyles changes including frequent consumption of legumes have resulted in improved metabolic control and decreased blood pressure in type 2 diabetes-mellitus (T2DM) patients. Objective: this was a quasi-experimental-28-week crossover-study that assessed the effect of daily consumption of the legume Lupinus mutabilis (LM) on metabolic control of T2DM patients under hypoglycemic oral treatment. Material and methods: we recruited 79 adult male and female patients that were followed for 14-weeks without LM consumption and then received increasing doses of a LM-based-snack for other 14-weeks. Results: there was a significant decrease in blood pressure and a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol by the end of the study period. While patients with A1C concentrations > 8 and ≤ 10 did not significantly improve their metabolic control, patients with serum A1C concentrations ≤ 8.0% reduced significantly their A1C after the intervention and 71% achieved a target concentration of 6.5%. Conclusion: patients with T2DM could benefit with the addition of LM-snack to their conventional treatment

Introducción: los cambios recomendados sobre los estilos de vida, incluido el consumo frecuente de leguminosas, han resultado en un mejor control metabólico y disminución de la presión arterial en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Objetivo: este fue un estudio casi experimental cruzado de 28 semanas que evaluó el efecto del consumo diario de la leguminosa Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (LM) en el control metabólico de pacientes con DMT2 con tratamiento oral hipoglucemiante. Material y métodos: inicialmente se reclutaron 79 pacientes adultos, hombres y mujeres, que fueron seguidos durante 14 semanas sin consumo de LM y luego recibieron dosis crecientes de un tentempié de LM durante otras 14 semanas. Resultados: se observó una disminución significativa en la presión arterial y un aumento significativo en el colesterol-HDL después del consumo de LM. Mientras que los pacientes con concentraciones de A1C sérica > 8 y ≤ 10 no mejoraron significativamente su control metabólico, los pacientes con concentraciones séricas de A1C ≤ 8,0% redujeron significativamente su A1C después de la intervención y el 71% de estos pacientes llegó a la meta de tratamiento ≤ 6,5%. Conclusión: los pacientes con DMT2 podrían beneficiarse con la adición de un tentempié de LM a su tratamiento convencional

Efficacy of a Lupinus mutabilis Sweet snack as complement to conventional type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: therapeutic lifestyles changes including frequent consumption of legumes have resulted in improved metabolic control and decreased blood pressure in type 2 diabetes-mellitus (T2DM) patients. Objective: this was a quasi-experimental-28-week crossover-study that assessed the effect of daily consumption of the legume Lupinus mutabilis (LM) on metabolic control of T2DM patients under hypoglycemic oral treatment. Material and methods: we recruited 79 adult male and female patients that were followed for 14-weeks without LM consumption and then received increasing doses of a LM-based-snack for other 14-weeks. Results: there was a significant decrease in blood pressure and a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol by the end of the study period. While patients with A1C concentrations > 8 and ≤ 10 did not significantly improve their metabolic control, patients with serum A1C concentrations ≤ 8.0% reduced significantly their A1C after the intervention and 71% achieved a target concentration of 6.5%. Conclusion: patients with T2DM could benefit with the addition of LM-snack to their conventional treatment.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: los cambios recomendados sobre los estilos de vida, incluido el consumo frecuente de leguminosas, han resultado en un mejor control metabólico y disminución de la presión arterial en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Objetivo: este fue un estudio casi experimental cruzado de 28 semanas que evaluó el efecto del consumo diario de la leguminosa Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (LM) en el control metabólico de pacientes con DMT2 con tratamiento oral hipoglucemiante. Material y métodos: inicialmente se reclutaron 79 pacientes adultos, hombres y mujeres, que fueron seguidos durante 14 semanas sin consumo de LM y luego recibieron dosis crecientes de un tentempié de LM durante otras 14 semanas. Resultados: se observó una disminución significativa en la presión arterial y un aumento significativo en el colesterol-HDL después del consumo de LM. Mientras que los pacientes con concentraciones de A1C sérica > 8 y ≤ 10 no mejoraron significativamente su control metabólico, los pacientes con concentraciones séricas de A1C ≤ 8,0% redujeron significativamente su A1C después de la intervención y el 71% de estos pacientes llegó a la meta de tratamiento ≤ 6,5%. Conclusión: los pacientes con DMT2 podrían beneficiarse con la adición de un tentempié de LM a su tratamiento convencional.

Molecular typing of a large nosocomial outbreak of KPC-producing bacteria in the biggest tertiary-care hospital of Quito, Ecuador.

OBJECTIVES: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial infections worldwide. Isolates with a K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing phenotype show reduced susceptibility to first-choice antibiotics. Between 2012-2013, the largest public tertiary-care hospital in Quito (Ecuador) reported an outbreak of KPC-producing bacteria with more than 800 cases. We developed a molecular epidemiological approach to analyse the clonality of K. pneumoniae isolates recovered from selected hospital services and patient samples. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed based on microbial isolates and their corresponding records from the hospital and referred to Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública (INSPI). From 800 isolates that were collected between 2012-2013, a total of 100 isolates were randomly selected for this study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Genotypic detection and phylogenetic relationship analysis were performed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The blaKPC carbapenemase gene was also amplified by PCR and was sequenced using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: Molecular analysis showed that the outbreak had a polyclonal origin with two predominant genotypes, comprising sequence types ST25 and ST258, present in 38 and 36 cases, respectively. These genotypes were found in all studied hospital services including general surgery, intensive care unit and emergency. TheblaKPC-5 gene was the most prevalent blaKPC variant in this study. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that KPC-producing polyclonal K. pneumoniae are frequent causes of nosocomial hospital outbreaks in South America. Similar genotypes have been reported in Colombia, Argentina, Brazil, North America and Asia.

Impact of training primary care physicians in behavioral counseling to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in Ecuador

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To assess the feasibility of implementing a physician-based, patient-centered counseling intervention model in Ecuador to improve the ability of primary care physicians (PCPs) to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among patients. Methods. This was a randomized clinical trial conducted in primary care clinics in Quito in 2014 – 2016. Participants included 15 PCPs and their adult patients at high risk of developing type-2 diabetes. A physician-based and patient-centered counseling program was delivered to eight PCPs. Seven PCPs who did not receive the training comprised the control group. The patient experience was assessed by a patient exit interview (PEI). Assessment of the patient’s anthropometrics, blood pressure, and blood biochemistry parameters were conducted. Changes within and between groups were estimated utilizing chisquare, ANOVA, paired t-tests, and coefficient with intervention. Results. A total of 197 patients participated, 113 in the intervention care group (ICG) and 84 in the usual care group (UCG); 99 patients (87.6%) in the ICG and 63 (75%) in the UCG completed the study. Counseling steps, measured by the PEI, were significantly higher in the ICG (8.9±1.6 versus 6.6±2.3; P = 0.001). Comparison of the estimated difference between the ICG and the UCG showed greater decreases in HbA1c and total cholesterol in the ICG. Within the ICG, there were significant improvements in weight, BMI, HbA1C, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. Conclusions. Training PCPs in a patient-centered behavioral intervention for CVD risk factor reduction is feasible and efficacious for reducing CVD risk factors in Ecuador. Developed and developing countries alike could benefit from such an intervention.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar la factibilidad de implementar un modelo de intervención en el médico y centrado en el paciente en Ecuador a fin de mejorar la capacidad de los médicos de atención primaria (MAP) para reducir los factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) en los pacientes. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un ensayo clínico aleatorio en consultorios de atención primaria en Quito entre el 2014 y el 2016. Participaron 15 MAP y sus pacientes adultos con riesgo alto de padecer diabetes de tipo 2. Se proporcionó un programa médico orientativo centrado en el paciente a ocho MAP. Los siete que no recibieron la capacitación fueron el grupo testigo. Se evaluó la experiencia de los pacientes por medio de una encuesta de salida a los pacientes. Se evaluaron las medidas antropométricas, la presión arterial y los parámetros bioquímicos sanguíneos del paciente. Se calcularon los cambios entre los grupos y dentro de ellos por medio de pruebas de ji cuadrado, análisis de la varianza, pruebas t pareadas y coeficiente con intervención. Resultados. En total participaron 197 pacientes, 113 en el grupo de atención con intervención (GAI) y 84 en el grupo de atención habitual (GAH); 99 pacientes (87,6 %) en el GAI y 63 (75 %) en el GAH completaron el estudio entre el 2014 y el 2016. Los pasos de orientación, según los resultados de la encuesta de salida, fueron significativamente mayores en el GAI (8,9±1,6 frente a 6,6±2,3; P = 0,001). Al comparar la diferencia estimada entre el GAI y el GAH, se encontraron mayores reducciones de HbA1c y del colesterol total en el GAI. Dentro del GAI, se encontraron mejoras considerables en el peso, IMC, HbA1C, colesterol total y C-LDL. Conclusiones. La capacitación de los MAP mediante una intervención sobre el comportamiento centrada en el paciente para reducir los factores de riesgo de ECV es factible y eficaz para reducir los factores de riesgo de ECV en Ecuador. Los países desarrollados y en desarrollo podrían beneficiarse por igual de tal intervención.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar a viabilidade de implementar um modelo de intervenção do tipo orientação comportamental dirigida ao médico e centrada no paciente para melhorar a capacidade dos profissionais da atenção primária de reduzir os fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares nos pacientes. Métodos. Estudo clínico randomizado conduzido em ambulatórios de atenção primária em Quito, no Equador, de 2014 a 2016. Participaram do estudo 15 médicos da atenção primária e os respectivos pacientes adultos com alto risco de diabetes tipo 2. Oito participantes fizeram parte de uma intervenção do tipo orientação comportamental dirigida ao médico e centrada no paciente. Os outros sete médicos fizeram parte do grupo de controle que não recebeu a capacitação. A experiência do paciente foi avaliada com uma entrevista de saída. Características antropométricas, medidas de pressão arterial e parâmetros bioquímicos foram avaliados nos pacientes. As mudanças dentro de um mesmo grupo e entre os grupos foram estimadas com o uso do teste do qui-quadrado, ANOVA, teste t pareado e coeficiente com intervenção. Resultados. Participaram do estudo 197 pacientes ao todo, sendo 113 no grupo de intervenção (GI) e 84 no grupo de atenção de rotina (GR), e completaram o estudo 99 pacientes (87,6%) no GI e 63 (75%) no GR em 2014–2016. O GI recebeu um número significativamente maior (8.9±1.6 vs. 6.6±2.3; P = 0.001) de orientações, avaliadas na entrevista de saída. Uma comparação da diferença estimada entre o GI e o GR demonstrou maior redução no nível de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) e colesterol total no GI. Os pacientes do GI tiveram melhora significativa no peso corporal, índice de massa corporal (IMC), colesterol total e LDL. Conclusões. Capacitar os médicos da atenção primária em uma intervenção comportamental centrada no paciente é uma opção viável e eficaz para reduzir os fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares no Equador. Ambos os países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento poderiam se beneficiar com esta intervenção.

Etiquetado de alimentos en Ecuador

Hemos leído la reciente publicación de Díaz y colaboradores “Etiquetado de alimentos en Ecuador: implementación, resultados y acciones pendientes” publicado en Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2017;41:e54. El reporte “analiza el proceso de implementación del etiquetado de alimentos procesados, los resultados alcanzados hasta la fecha y propone medidas complementarias . . .”

Impact of milk based micronutrient supplementation in school children in Quito-Ecuador / Impacto de la suplementación de micronutrientes con leche en niños escolares de Quito-Ecuador

Background: The most common micronutrient deficiencies in Ecuadorian schoolchildren are vitamin A (VA), zinc, and iron. The objective of the present study was to test the efficacy of cow’s milk as a vehicle for VA, zinc, and iron supplementation. Methods: Three hundred twenty-eight children aged 6-10 years were included in a randomized, double blind controlled study; 173 children received 480 mL of whole milk (300 Kcals; G1) daily and 155 children received fortified milk (300 Kcals; G2) daily for 23 weeks. Participants had a nutritional evaluation before and after supplementation. Both treatment groups were comparable for gender, age, weight and height at the beginning of the study. Results: Both types of milk were well accepted by the participating children. Data showed that serum concentrations of VA, zinc, and iron significantly increased within both treatment groups. The increase in serum concentrations of the indicated micronutrients was significantly greater in children with deficiencies than in non-deficient ones. There were not significant differences in serum concentrations of VA, zinc, and iron between groups after supplementation. Data also showed that there was an increase in the percentage of children with normal BMI at the expense of a decrease of the percentage of children with excess weight at the end of the treatment period in G1 whereas in G2 it remained unchanged. Blood lipid profiles were normal before and after milk supplementation in both treatment groups. Conclusions: These data indicated that fortified and non-fortified milk are excellent options to increase serum VA, zinc, and iron concentration in schoolchildren (AU)

Introducción: las deficiencias de vitamina A (VA), zinc y hierro son las más comunes en escolares ecuatorianos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue estudiar la eficacia de la leche de vaca como vehículo para la suplementación de VA, zinc y hierro. Métodos: trescientos veintiocho niños en edades entre 6 y 10 años fueron incluidos en un estudio aleatorizado controlado, doble ciego durante 23 semanas; 173 niños recibieron diariamente 480 mL de leche entera (300 Kcals; G1) y 155 niños recibieron leche entera fortificada (300 Kcals, G2). Los niños tuvieron una evaluación nutricional antes y después de la suplementación. Al inicio del estudio, G1 y G2 fueron similares en género, edad, peso, y talla. Los dos tipos de leche fueron bien aceptados. Resultados: las concentraciones séricas de VA, zinc y hierro aumentaron significativamente en ambos grupos después del tratamiento. El aumento de estos micronutrientes fue significativamente mayor en los niños con deficiencias. No hubo diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de VA, zinc y hierro entre los grupos después de la suplementación. Además, hubo un incremento en el porcentaje de niños con IMC-normal dependiente de una disminución en el número de niños con exceso de peso al final del periodo de tratamiento en G1, mientras que en G2 no hubo cambios. Los perfiles lipídicos fueron normales antes y después de la suplementación con leche en los dos grupos. Conclusiones: en resumen, tanto la leche fortificada como la no fortificada son excelentes opciones para aumentar las concentraciones de VA, zinc y hierro en escolares (AU)

Impact of training primary care physicians in behavioral counseling to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in Ecuador.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of implementing a physician-based, patient-centered counseling intervention model in Ecuador to improve the ability of primary care physicians (PCPs) to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among patients. METHODS: This was a randomized clinical trial conducted in primary care clinics in Quito in 2014 - 2016. Participants included 15 PCPs and their adult patients at high risk of developing type-2 diabetes. A physician-based and patient-centered counseling program was delivered to eight PCPs. Seven PCPs who did not receive the training comprised the control group. The patient experience was assessed by a patient exit interview (PEI). Assessment of the patient's anthropometrics, blood pressure, and blood biochemistry parameters were conducted. Changes within and between groups were estimated utilizing chi-square, ANOVA, paired t-tests, and coefficient with intervention. RESULTS: A total of 197 patients participated, 113 in the intervention care group (ICG) and 84 in the usual care group (UCG); 99 patients (87.6%) in the ICG and 63 (75%) in the UCG completed the study. Counseling steps, measured by the PEI, were significantly higher in the ICG (8.9±1.6 versus 6.6±2.3; P = 0.001). Comparison of the estimated difference between the ICG and the UCG showed greater decreases in HbA1c and total cholesterol in the ICG. Within the ICG, there were significant improvements in weight, BMI, HbA1C, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Training PCPs in a patient-centered behavioral intervention for CVD risk factor reduction is feasible and efficacious for reducing CVD risk factors in Ecuador. Developed and developing countries alike could benefit from such an intervention.

Impact of training primary care physicians in behavioral counseling to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in Ecuador / Repercusión de la capacitación de médicos de atención primaria en orientación sobre el comportamiento para reducir los factores de riesgo de sufrir enfermedades cardiovasculares en Ecuador / Impacto da capacitação de médicos da atenção primária em orientação comportamental para reduzir os fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares no Equador

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the feasibility of implementing a physician-based, patient-centered counseling intervention model in Ecuador to improve the ability of primary care physicians (PCPs) to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among patients. Methods This was a randomized clinical trial conducted in primary care clinics in Quito in 2014 - 2016. Participants included 15 PCPs and their adult patients at high risk of developing type-2 diabetes. A physician-based and patient-centered counseling program was delivered to eight PCPs. Seven PCPs who did not receive the training comprised the control group. The patient experience was assessed by a patient exit interview (PEI). Assessment of the patient's anthropometrics, blood pressure, and blood biochemistry parameters were conducted. Changes within and between groups were estimated utilizing chi-square, ANOVA, paired t-tests, and coefficient with intervention. Results A total of 197 patients participated, 113 in the intervention care group (ICG) and 84 in the usual care group (UCG); 99 patients (87.6%) in the ICG and 63 (75%) in the UCG completed the study. Counseling steps, measured by the PEI, were significantly higher in the ICG (8.9±1.6 versus 6.6±2.3; P = 0.001). Comparison of the estimated difference between the ICG and the UCG showed greater decreases in HbA1c and total cholesterol in the ICG. Within the ICG, there were significant improvements in weight, BMI, HbA1C, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. Conclusions Training PCPs in a patient-centered behavioral intervention for CVD risk factor reduction is feasible and efficacious for reducing CVD risk factors in Ecuador. Developed and developing countries alike could benefit from such an intervention.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la factibilidad de implementar un modelo de intervención en el médico y centrado en el paciente en Ecuador a fin de mejorar la capacidad de los médicos de atención primaria (MAP) para reducir los factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) en los pacientes. Métodos Se llevó a cabo un ensayo clínico aleatorio en consultorios de atención primaria en Quito entre el 2014 y el 2016. Participaron 15 MAP y sus pacientes adultos con riesgo alto de padecer diabetes de tipo 2. Se proporcionó un programa médico orientativo centrado en el paciente a ocho MAP. Los siete que no recibieron la capacitación fueron el grupo testigo. Se evaluó la experiencia de los pacientes por medio de una encuesta de salida a los pacientes. Se evaluaron las medidas antropométricas, la presión arterial y los parámetros bioquímicos sanguíneos del paciente. Se calcularon los cambios entre los grupos y dentro de ellos por medio de pruebas de ji cuadrado, análisis de la varianza, pruebas t pareadas y coeficiente con intervención. Resultados En total participaron 197 pacientes, 113 en el grupo de atención con intervención (GAI) y 84 en el grupo de atención habitual (GAH); 99 pacientes (87,6 %) en el GAI y 63 (75 %) en el GAH completaron el estudio entre el 2014 y el 2016. Los pasos de orientación, según los resultados de la encuesta de salida, fueron significativamente mayores en el GAI (8,9±1,6 frente a 6,6±2,3; P = 0,001). Al comparar la diferencia estimada entre el GAI y el GAH, se encontraron mayores reducciones de HbA1c y del colesterol total en el GAI. Dentro del GAI, se encontraron mejoras considerables en el peso, IMC, HbA1C, colesterol total y C-LDL. Conclusiones La capacitación de los MAP mediante una intervención sobre el comportamiento centrada en el paciente para reducir los factores de riesgo de ECV es factible y eficaz para reducir los factores de riesgo de ECV en Ecuador. Los países desarrollados y en desarrollo podrían beneficiarse por igual de tal intervención.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a viabilidade de implementar um modelo de intervenção do tipo orientação comportamental dirigida ao médico e centrada no paciente para melhorar a capacidade dos profissionais da atenção primária de reduzir os fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares nos pacientes. Métodos Estudo clínico randomizado conduzido em ambulatórios de atenção primária em Quito, no Equador, de 2014 a 2016. Participaram do estudo 15 médicos da atenção primária e os respectivos pacientes adultos com alto risco de diabetes tipo 2. Oito participantes fizeram parte de uma intervenção do tipo orientação comportamental dirigida ao médico e centrada no paciente. Os outros sete médicos fizeram parte do grupo de controle que não recebeu a capacitação. A experiência do paciente foi avaliada com uma entrevista de saída. Características antropométricas, medidas de pressão arterial e parâmetros bioquímicos foram avaliados nos pacientes. As mudanças dentro de um mesmo grupo e entre os grupos foram estimadas com o uso do teste do qui-quadrado, ANOVA, teste t pareado e coeficiente com intervenção. Resultados Participaram do estudo 197 pacientes ao todo, sendo 113 no grupo de intervenção (GI) e 84 no grupo de atenção de rotina (GR), e completaram o estudo 99 pacientes (87,6%) no GI e 63 (75%) no GR em 2014-2016. O GI recebeu um número significativamente maior (8.9±1.6 vs. 6.6±2.3; P = 0.001) de orientações, avaliadas na entrevista de saída. Uma comparação da diferença estimada entre o GI e o GR demonstrou maior redução no nível de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) e colesterol total no GI. Os pacientes do GI tiveram melhora significativa no peso corporal, índice de massa corporal (IMC), colesterol total e LDL. Conclusões Capacitar os médicos da atenção primária em uma intervenção comportamental centrada no paciente é uma opção viável e eficaz para reduzir os fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares no Equador. Ambos os países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento poderiam se beneficiar com esta intervenção.