Part II : Lifelines. Chapter 11 : Water and sewage systems

This chapter presents an overview of critical issues and a brief history of water and wastewater system lifeline earthquake engineering. The Federal standards development program and the state-of-the-art are also described. The critical issues for water supply and wastewater systems include: system criticality and functionality, functional and loss estimation modeling, facility design standards and guidelines, material and equipment standards, lifeline collocation, performance, and the existing inventory and its vulnerability to earthquake ground shaking and ground failure. Recommendations for implementation of and advancing the frontiers of current knowledge include the development of: awareness of earthquake consequences, a policy for system performance, updated standards and guidelines, use of "non-earthquake mitigation" projects for earthquake mitigation, and provision of fiscal incentives. The current Federal standards development program should be enhanced as well as postearthquake reconnaissance studies which are designed to improve the knowledge base on water and wastewater system.(AU)

Part II : Lifelines. Chapter 12 : Standards for lifelines

In this chapter the status of standards and guidelines for the seismic safety of existing and new lifeline systems is described to provide a framework for end users who are presently collaborating on a national study to plan for the development and adoption of seismic guidelines and standards for lifelines. Although nationally recognized seismic standards are not yet available for all lifelines, advances are being made for: a) electrical power systems, b) gas and liquid fuel systems, c) telecommunications systems, d) transportation systems, and e) water and sewage systems.(AU)