A Multicenter ICET-A Study on Age at Menarche and Menstrual Cycles in Patients with Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia (TDT) who Started Early Chelation Therapy with Different Chelating Agents.

Introduction: To evaluate the effect of early chelation therapy (≤ 3 years) with a variety of chelating agents on age at menarche and menstrual characteristics in patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT). Design: A retrospective multicenter study promoted by the International Network of Clinicians for Endocrinopathies in Thalassemia and Adolescent Medicine (ICET-A). Setting: Eight of 13 International Thalassemia Centers (61.5%) in the ICET-A Network participated. Patients: Fifty-seven female TDT patients, aged 11 to 26 years, and with early iron chelation therapy, were eligible for the present study. They were enrolled from one center from Iran (33 patients), 3 centers from Bulgaria (9), 1 from Greece (8), one from Oman (4), 1 from Cyprus (2), and 1 from Italy (1). Seven patients were excluded, four still prepubertal (age 12-14 years) and 3 with primary amenorrhea. Therefore 50 patients were finally enrolled. Results: All fifty TDT patients developed spontaneous menarche at a mean age of 14.2 ± 2.24 years (range 9 - 20). A significant positive correlation was observed between age at menarche and serum ferritin levels (r: 0. 41, p=0.005). Regular menstrual cycles were reported from 32 (64%) patients, of whom 28 (83.3%) get menarche at age ≤ 14 years. Complications were more frequent in patients older than 14 years at menarche and in those with secondary amenorrhea. Conclusions: Age at menarche greater than 14 years was a forerunner of menstrual irregularities and associated complications in 36% of patients despite precocious chelation therapy. The poor adherence to treatment, to be demonstrated in future studies, could explain the finding.

Recent advancements in glucose dysregulation and pharmacological management of osteoporosis in transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT): an update of ICET-A (International Network of Clinicians for Endocrinopathies in Thalassemia and Adolescence Medicine).

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this short review is to provide an update on glucose homeostasis, insulin secretion and pharmacological management of osteoporosis in transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT). RECENT FINDINGS: A retrospective study, documenting the changes in glucose-insulin homeostasis from early childhood to young adulthood, has advanced our understanding of the evolution of glucose regulation in patients with TDT. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (T2* MRI) is considered to be a reliable tool to measure pancreatic iron overload. Continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS) can be used in early diagnosis of glucose dysregulation and in disease management in patients with already diagnosed diabetes. Oral glucose-lowering agents (GLAs) are effective and safe for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with TDT, achieving adequate glycemic control for a substantial period of time. Current modalities for the management of osteoporosis in adults with TDT include inhibitors of bone remodeling such as bisphosphonates and denosumab as well as stimulators of bone formation (e.g., teriparatide), Considering the unique characteristics of osteoporosis associated with TDT, early diagnosis, treatment initiation and treatment duration are critical issues in the management this special population. CONCLUSIONS: Advances in the care of TDT patients  have led to improved survival and quality of life. Nevertheless, many chronic endocrine complications still remain. Their routine screening and a high index of suspicion are imperative in order to provide timely diagnosis and  treatment.

Sexual activity and the adolescent with haemophilia.

Haemophilia A and B are congenital bleeding disorders, associated with joint and soft tissue bleeding episodes. Adolescence is an important period of the individual development, associated with tendency to risky behavior in those, who suffer chronic conditions. The current review focuses on sexual health in the adolescents with haemophilia and related to sexual activity complications in the course of the disease such as iliopsoas hemorrhage and joint bleedings, models and strategies for sexual health promotion and education in this specific age group and disorder. (www.actabiomedica.it).

The The use of oral glucose-lowering agents (GLAs) in ß-thalassemia patients with diabetes: Preliminary data from a retrospective study of ICET-A Network.

OBJECTIVE: The management of prediabetes and hyperglycemia is an increasingly important aspect of care in patients with thalassemia. In light of the limited evidence about the management of GD (glucose dysregulation) with glucose-lowering agents (GLAs), we have conducted a retrospective survey in TDT and NTDT patients with diabetes mellitus to collect more detailed information on GLA use in order to make preliminary recommendations. STUDY DESIGN AND METHOD: A questionnaire was prepared and distributed to the tertiary thalassemia care Centers of ICET-A Network. RESULTS: Eight  thalassemia care Centers [Bulgaria, Greece, Iran, Italy (4 Centers) and Qatar], following 1.554 with transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT), 132 (8.4%) with diabetes and 687 with non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT), 27 (3.9%) with diabetes, participated in the retrospective survey. The records of 117 TDT patients and 9 NTDT patients with diabetes treated with GLAs were analyzed. Metformin, a biguanide, was the most frequently used drug (47.6 %), followed by alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (5.5 %), incretins (4.7%) and insulin secretagogues (3.1%).  In 68 (61.2) patients  GLAs was prescribed as monotherapy, while the remaining  49  (38.8%), who had inadequate glucose control with metformin, were treated with combination treatment. Fifty-one patients  of 126 (40.4%) initially treated with oral GLA, for a mean duration of 61.0 ± 35.6 months (range: 12- 120 months), required insulin therapy for better metabolic control. CONCLUSION: This retrospective study covers an unexplored area of research in patients with thalassemia and GD. Oral GLAs appear to be safe and effective for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in patients with thalassemia, and can achieve adequate glycemic control for a substantial period of time.

The Prevalence of glucose dysregulations (GDs) in patients with ß-thalassemias in different countries: A preliminary ICET-A survey.

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A Cross-National Survey of People Living with Hemophilia: Impact on Daily Living and Patient Education in Central Europe.

BACKGROUND: Information about the impact of hemophilia on daily living and information preferences for patients and their caregivers in Central Europe has been limited. METHODS: This cross-national survey was conducted between April 1 and October 15, 2020 and utilized a self-administered questionnaire to collect data (Typeform™) from people living with hemophilia in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia. The questionnaire included 22 questions regarding difficulties in daily life and preferences for receiving hemophilia-related information. Respondents were stratified into two main groups, people with hemophilia (PwH) or their caregivers (CPwH). Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Of the 364 respondents, 232 were PwH (63.7%) and 132 were CPwH (36.3%). In total, 70.3% of hemophilia patients/caregivers responded that they are kept sufficiently informed about life with hemophilia, with 68.0%, 59.1% and 56.3% of respondents obtaining information from their physicians, patient associations and via digital media (internet and social media), respectively. However, 97.8% of respondents expressed an interest in additional information, particularly new hemophilia treatment options (62.1%), which in contrast to other topics was indicated most frequently by both patients and caregivers in all six countries. Most frequent difficulties in everyday life with hemophilia were identified as mobility problems (41.8%), unexpected bleeding (38.5%), pain (35.4%), and uncertainty with what they can or cannot do (25.0%). During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, 52.5% of respondents reported that they did not experience any major change in daily living with hemophilia. CONCLUSION: Based on our Central European survey, hemophilia mostly affects peoples' lives by causing mobility difficulties, unexpected bleeding, pain and uncertainty in daily activities. Although the majority of respondents reported being educated about hemophilia, most PwH and CPwH respondents sought additional information, highlighting the need for continuous personalized patient education to cope with present challenges.

Familial Multiple Coagulation Factor Deficiencies (FMCFDs) in a Large Cohort of Patients-A Single-Center Experience in Genetic Diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Familial multiple coagulation factor deficiencies (FMCFDs) are a group of inherited hemostatic disorders with the simultaneous reduction of plasma activity of at least two coagulation factors. As consequence, the type and severity of symptoms and the management of bleeding/thrombotic episodes vary among patients. The aim of this study was to identify the underlying genetic defect in patients with FMCFDs. METHODS: Activity levels were collected from the largest cohort of laboratory-diagnosed FMCFD patients described so far. Genetic analysis was performed using next-generation sequencing. RESULTS: In total, 52 FMCFDs resulted from coincidental co-inheritance of single-factor deficiencies. All coagulation factors (except factor XII (FXII)) were involved in different combinations. Factor VII (FVII) deficiency showed the highest prevalence. The second group summarized 21 patients with FMCFDs due to a single-gene defect resulting in combined FV/FVIII deficiency or vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor deficiency. In the third group, nine patients with a combined deficiency of FVII and FX caused by the partial deletion of chromosome 13 were identified. The majority of patients exhibited bleeding symptoms while thrombotic events were uncommon. CONCLUSIONS: FMCFDs are heritable abnormalities of hemostasis with a very low population frequency rendering them orphan diseases. A combination of comprehensive screening of residual activities and molecular genetic analysis could avoid under- and misdiagnosis.

Successful intraosseous factor VIII application in a haemophilic emergency.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVES: Intravenous (IV) replacement therapy with plasma derived or recombinant factor VIII (FVIII) and factor IX concentrates is the mainstay for treatment of patients with haemophilia A and B. Therefore, the current therapy is particularly dependent on the presence of a secure IV access especially in case of emergency. CASE DESCRIPTION: A life-threatening bleeding event in an 8-month-old boy is managed by intraosseous (IO) infusion of recombinant FVIII concentrate. No adverse events have been observed 6 months after the application, and complete heeling has been reported. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Venous application of factor concentrate remains inevitable in any haemophilic emergency. In case IV access is lacking, an IO institution of factor might be considered. To our knowledge, this represents the first reported case of IO application of recombinant FVIII concentrate in a patient with haemophilia.

A comprehensive update of ICET-A Network on COVID-19 in thalassemias: what we know and where we stand.

A review of the literature on COVID-19 pandemic in patients with thalassemias is presented. Globally, the prevalence of COVID-19 among  ß-thalassemia patients seems to be lower than in general population; associated co-morbidities aggravated the severity of  COVID- 19, leading to a poorer prognosis, irrespective of age. A multicenter registry will enhance the understanding of COVID-19 in these patients and will lead to more evidence-based management recommendations.

Preliminary Data on COVID-19 in Patients with Hemoglobinopathies: A Multicentre ICET-A Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate, retrospectively, the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, laboratory results, radiologic findings, and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with transfusion-dependent ß thalassemia major (TM), ß-thalassemia intermedia (TI) and sickle cell disease (SCD). DESIGN: A total of 17 Centers, from 10 countries, following 9,499 patients with hemoglobinopathies, participated in the survey. MAIN OUTCOME DATA: Clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 were collected from medical records and summarized. RESULTS: A total of 13 patients, 7 with TM, 3 with TI, and 3 with SCD, with confirmed COVID-19, were identified in 6 Centers from different countries. The overall mean age of patients was 33.7±12.3 years (range:13-66); 9/13 (69.2%) patients were females. Six patients had pneumonia, and 4 needed oxygen therapy. Increased C-reactive protein (6/10), high serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; 6/10), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; 6/10) were the most common laboratory findings. 6/10 patients had an exacerbation of anemia (2 with SCD). In the majority of patients, the course of COVID-19 was moderate (6/10) and severe in 3/10 patients. A 30-year-old female with TM, developed a critical SARS-CoV-2 infection, followed by death in an Intensive Care Unit. In one Center (Oman), the majority of suspected cases were observed in patients with SCD between the age of 21 and 40 years. A rapid clinical improvement of tachypnea/dyspnea and oxygen saturation was observed, after red blood cell exchange transfusion, in a young girl with SCD and worsening of anemia (Hb level from 9.2 g/dl to 6.1g/dl). CONCLUSIONS: The data presented in this survey permit an early assessment of the clinical characteristics of COVID 19 in different countries. 70% of symptomatic patients with COVID- 19 required hospitalization. The presence of associated co-morbidities can aggravate the severity of COVID- 19, leading to a poorer prognosis irrespective of age.