In the mind of Narcissus: The mediating role of emotional regulation in the emergence of distorted cognitions.

INTRODUCTION: Currently narcissism is considered one of the most widespread phenomenon. As a consequence, its different types (grandiose and vulnerable narcissism) have been investigated from several different perspectives. The present research attempts to explore the differences between the two types of narcissism and their links with different cognitive components that are connected to these personality traits. The primary aim of our study is to investigate the possible connections among maladaptive schemas (entitlement, vulnerability, emotional deprivation) and cognitive evaluation systems (self-esteem, systemizing-empathizing) and narcissism. METHODS: We applied both correlation and path analyses to explore the hypothesized associations. RESULTS: The results show that early maladaptive schemas are strongly associated with narcissism and the empathizing system. The different subtypes of narcissism have different connections with self-esteem. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the two types of narcissism have different manifestations and connections with the early maladaptive schemas, Emphatizing Quotient, and self-esteem. Our empirical results serve as important and empirically supported inputs to counseling and clinical practice.

Investigating the effect of grit trait on performance and success in Hungarian athlete's sample.

Background: The aim of the present study is to translate the Grit questionnaire into Hungarian and validate specifically within the context of sports. The second goal is to assess the questionnaire in Hungarian as a pilot study in the athlete population and to compare the grit trait with the coaches' athlete evaluation. Methods: Two hundred and sixty nine athletes, including 40 national team players, took part in the study, with an average age of 18.17 years (SD = 5.51). For the preliminary assessment, the Cloninger Temperament and Character Questionnaire (TCI-RH) was used; the coaches' athlete evaluation was modeled on a talent map. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the fit of the two-factor structure, and the internal reliability of the questionnaire scales also proved to be adequate. 2. There is no relationship between adolescents' perceived grit and coach ratings. 3. The national team players achieved a higher grit score. Conclusion: Based on the psychometric indicators, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire proved to be adequate. Therefore, it is applicable and useful for psychological practitioners and researchers in the Hungarian population within the context of sports.

Exploring Attitudes Toward "Sugar Relationships" Across 87 Countries: A Global Perspective on Exchanges of Resources for Sex and Companionship.

The current study investigates attitudes toward one form of sex for resources: the so-called sugar relationships, which often involve exchanges of resources for sex and/or companionship. The present study examined associations among attitudes toward sugar relationships and relevant variables (e.g., sex, sociosexuality, gender inequality, parasitic exposure) in 69,924 participants across 87 countries. Two self-report measures of Acceptance of Sugar Relationships (ASR) developed for younger companion providers (ASR-YWMS) and older resource providers (ASR-OMWS) were translated into 37 languages. We tested cross-sex and cross-linguistic construct equivalence, cross-cultural invariance in sex differences, and the importance of the hypothetical predictors of ASR. Both measures showed adequate psychometric properties in all languages (except the Persian version of ASR-YWMS). Results partially supported our hypotheses and were consistent with previous theoretical considerations and empirical evidence on human mating. For example, at the individual level, sociosexual orientation, traditional gender roles, and pathogen prevalence were significant predictors of both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS. At the country level, gender inequality and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. However, being a woman negatively predicted the ASR-OMWS, but positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. At country-level, ingroup favoritism and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-OMWS. Furthermore, significant cross-subregional differences were found in the openness to sugar relationships (both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS scores) across subregions. Finally, significant differences were found between ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS when compared in each subregion. The ASR-YWMS was significantly higher than the ASR-OMWS in all subregions, except for Northern Africa and Western Asia.

Final-note expectancy and humor: an empirical investigation.

BACKGROUND: Melodic expectations were manipulated to investigate the nature of tonally incongruent melodic final notes that may elicit humor in listeners. To our knowledge, this is the first experiment aiming at studying humor elicitation in music with the use of empirical, quantitative methods. To this aim, we have based the experiment on the incongruency/resolution theory of humor and the violations of expectations in music. Our goal was to determine the amount of change, that is, the degree of incongruency required to elicit humor. METHODS: We composed two simple, 8-bar long melodies, and changed their final notes so that they could randomly finish on any semitone between an octave upwards and downwards with respect to the original, tonic final note. This resulted in 25 versions for both melodies, including the original final notes, for each semitone. Musician and non-musician participants rated each version of each melody on five 7-point bipolar scales according to goodness of fit, humor, beauty, playfulness, and pleasantness. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that even a single change of the final note can elicit humor. No strong connection was found between humor elicitation and the level of incongruency (i.e., the amount of violation of expectation). Instead, changes to the major-mode melody were more likely to be found humorous than those to the minor-mode melody, implying that a so-called playful context is necessary for humor elicitation as the major melody was labelled playful by the listeners. Furthermore, final notes below the original tonic end note were also found to be less humorous and less fitting to the melodic context than those above it.

"With insomnia, nothing is real": The Role of Gender and Cognitive Restructuring in Stress Induced Insomnia and Burnout.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of our study is to provide a theoretical and practical framework to the better under standing of insomnia and its relationship with perceived stress, burnout, cognitive restructuring and gender. The prior findings supported the integration of these constructs into a comprehensive model that helps us identify their complex system. METHODS: In our cross-sectional self-report study, 216 responders participated. The gender ratio was 23.6% (N=51) to 76.4% (N=165) with female dominance. The mean age was 22.5 years (MAge=22.51; SDAge=4.38) between 18 and 54. RESULTS: The applied pathway analysis supported the assumption that insomnia has a mediating role between perceived stress and burnout syndrome with the relevant effects of gender and cognitive restructuring as a way of coping. CONSEQUENCES: The increasing number of empirical findings highlights the relevance of sleep-related problems and the importance of the better understanding them in order to identify those components that could serve as key positions to interventions and preventions.

The connection and background mechanisms of social fears and problematic social networking site use: A structural equation modeling analysis.

Previous research warned that internet and social media use could have a negative effect on the social lives of excessive users. Based on the social compensation hypothesis, however, factors related to social fears could lead to problematic social networking site (SNS) use because individuals try to compensate for their offline popularity. It was shown that individuals with higher levels of social fears tend to prefer computer-mediated (CMC) instead of face to face (FTF) communication. Here, we aimed to create a model that shows the direct and indirect effects of social anxiety and self-esteem on problematic SNS use. A total of 215 participants filled out our survey including measures of social anxiety, self-esteem, fear of negative evaluation, social media and Internet addiction. Using structural equation modeling we tested the indirect and direct effects between the variables. Our results indicated that social anxiety and lower self-esteem could lead to favoring CMC over FTF communication, which may result in problematic internet (PIU) and SNS use as a compensatory behavior to cope with fear of negative evaluation. The indirect pathways might highlight relevant differences behind the motivation of PIU - anonymity - and problematic SNS use - control. Theoretical as well as practical implications are discussed.

Development of the short version of the spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory.

The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) has been widely used to measure the state and trait components of anxiety. We sought to develop a short, yet reliable and valid form of these scales for use in circumstances where the full-form is not feasible. We abbreviated the scales using item response theory analyses to retain the items that could discriminate the best among participants. One sample (N = 922) completed the state scale, a second sample (N = 2227) completed the trait scale, while a third sample (N = 250) completed the short forms. Our participants completed the Hungarian version of STAI alongside other measures to observe external validity. We calculated cut-off scores for the state (>9.5,) and trait (>13.5) scales. A total of 19.5% and 20.1% of the respondents reached the cut-off scores. The five-item short forms of STAI had sound psychometric properties that are comparable to those obtained on the full-form. The external validity of the scales is also demonstrated. We report detailed descriptive statistics that could be used in further studies as standards. The short scales are reliable measures that could be used in clinical screening and behavioural research; especially where practical considerations preclude the use of a longer questionnaire.

Disentangling the facilitating and hindering effects of threat-related stimuli - A visual search study.

Although large body of research has demonstrated the attention-grabbing nature of threat-related stimuli, threat could also facilitate attentional processes. Previous studies suggest a linear relationship between the facilitating effect of the arousal level conveyed by threat and performance on visual search tasks. Due to the temporal competition bias favouring stimuli with higher arousal level, this could be more pronounced for shorter onset times. Here, through two experiments we aimed to disentangle the two effects by using a visual search paradigm that allowed us to separate the emotional stimuli and the cognitive task. We manipulated stimulus onset time and threat intensity. Participants saw neutral and threatening pictures as priming stimuli, and then, they had to find numbers in ascending order in a matrix array. We measured the reaction time for finding the first number, and search time for finding all the numbers. Our results showed that when the priming stimulus is presented, longer threatening pictures produced longer reaction times compared to neutral ones, which was reversed with increase in arousal. We did not find any significant effects for the shorter onset time. Further theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.

[Examination of shortened version of spider phobia and snake phobia questionnaire on Hungarian sample].

INTRODUCTION: One of the most common mental disorders is the specific phobia. Within this, the prevalence of animal phobia, such as the fear from spiders and snakes, is very high. In case of irrational fears, beyond the change in behavior (for example avoidance of the situation), a specific brain activation pattern can also be observed. However, if animal phobia is detected, it can be treated through several different therapeutic methods. There is a great need for reliable questionnaires to examine the subtypes of animal phobia. The SNAQ-12 and SPQ-12 can be used for this purpose, furthermore these questionnaires have good psychometric properties and clinical cut-off scores. The aim of the present study is therefore to examine the psychometric properties of the two questionnaires' Hungarian version. METHOD AND RESULTS: The SNAQ-12 (12 item long Snake Questionnaire, SNAQ) and the SPQ-12 (12 item long Spider Phobia Questionnaire), according to the measured sample (1071 Hungarian subject) have excellent psychometric properties (Snake Questionnaire: Cronbach alpha=0.912. Spider Questionnaire: Cronbach alpha=0.909), and are suitable for reliable testing of fear from snake and spider. CONCLUSION: The questionnaires are useful in phobia related researches and studies and can promote the clinical work, to recognize phobias and to monitor the effectiveness of therapy.

[Experiences with the validation of the Hungarian version of Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Brief Form: predicting personality disorders based on self-report inventory].

INTRODUCTION: The recent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) provided a dimensional model of personality disorders grounded on the empirical validated concept of maladaptive personality traits. Accordingly, based on this model, the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Brief Form (PID-5-BF) enables the identification of maladaptive personality traits in 5 dimensions: Negative Affect, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition and Psychoticism. Former studies showed, that this self-report measure can reliably predict the likelihood of the development of personality disorders. AIM: We aimed to develop the Hungarian version of the PID-5-BF and to verify its construct-, concurrent-, predictive-, and discriminative validity. METHOD: Based on the results of former studies regarding PID-5-BF, we asked 379 participants to fill out several selfreport measures. Besides PID-5-BF, the Bipolar Rating Scale for the Big Five Personality, the Unconventionality subscale from the Openness scale of the HEXACO model and the Interpersonal Problems-Personality Disorders-25 were also administered. RESULTS: According to the original 5 factor version, the fit of our model was acceptable (CFI = 0,868; RMSEA = 0,061 [90% CI = 0,055 - 0,068]; Cronbach-alpha = 0,61-0,79). In our view, the results vindicate the reliability and validity of the Hungarian PID-5-BF. CONCLUSIONS: According to former studies along with our recent findings, the PID-5-BF can be seen as an effective and reliable self-report scale for clinical studies and at the same time, it may be useful for the psychiatric diagnostic process, mainly in the case of personality disorders. With more clinical data and knowledge, this inventory could be useful for psychiatrists and clinical psychologists in planning of clinical treatment.