Long-chain n-3 PUFA ingestion for the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in healthy older adults.

This review aims to critically evaluate the efficacy of long-chain Õ¸-3 PUFA ingestion in modulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS), with application to maintaining skeletal muscle mass, strength and function into later life. Ageing is associated with a gradual decline in muscle mass, specifically atrophy of type II fibres, that is exacerbated by periods of (in)voluntary muscle disuse. At the metabolic level, in otherwise healthy older adults, muscle atrophy is underpinned by anabolic resistance which describes the impaired MPS response to non-pharmacological anabolic stimuli, namely, physical activity/exercise and amino acid provision. Accumulating evidence implicates a mechanistic role for n-3 PUFA in upregulating MPS under stimulated conditions (post-prandial state or following exercise) via incorporation of EPA and DHA into the skeletal muscle phospholipid membrane. In some instances, these changes in MPS with chronic Õ¸-3 PUFA ingestion have translated into clinically relevant improvements in muscle mass, strength and function; an observation evidently more prevalent in healthy older women than men. This apparent sexual dimorphism in the adaptive response of skeletal muscle metabolism to EPA and DHA ingestion may be related to a greater propensity for females to incorporate Õ¸-3 PUFA into human tissue and/or the larger dose of ingested Õ¸-3 PUFA when expressed relative to body mass or lean body mass. Future experimental studies are warranted to characterise the optimal dosing and duration of Õ¸-3 PUFA ingestion to prescribe tailored recommendations regarding n-3 PUFA nutrition for healthy musculoskeletal ageing into later life.

Enhanced Walking-Induced Fat Oxidation by New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract Is Body Composition-Dependent in Recreationally Active Adult Females.

New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract enhanced cycling-induced fat oxidation in female endurance athletes. We examined in recreationally active females the effects of NZBC extract on physiological and metabolic responses by moderate-intensity walking and the relationship of fat oxidation changes with focus on body composition parameters. Twelve females (age: 21 ± 2 y, BMI: 23.6 ± 3.1 kg·m-2) volunteered. Bioelectrical bioimpedance analysis was used for body composition measurements. Resting metabolic equivalent (1-MET) was 3.31 ± 0.66 mL·kg-1·min-1. Participants completed an incremental walking test with oxygen uptake measurements to individualize the treadmill walking speed at 5-MET. In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design, the 30 min morning walks were in the same phase of each participant's menstrual cycle. No changes by NZBC extract were observed for walking-induced heart rate, minute ventilation, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide production. NZBC extract enhanced fat oxidation (10 responders, range: 10-66%). There was a significant correlation for changes in fat oxidation with body mass index; body fat% in legs, arms, and trunk; and a trend with fat oxidation at rest but not with body mass and habitual anthocyanin intake. The NZBC extract responsiveness of walking-induced fat oxidation is body composition-dependent and higher in young-adult females with higher body fat% in legs, arms, and trunk.

Oxygen concentration of gut luminal contents varies post-prandially in growing pigs.

The oxygen (O2 ) concentration of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) contents decreases distally, but little is known about how O2 concentrations are influenced by ingestion of a meal. The O2 concentration in luminal contents at different GIT locations (stomach [cardia and pylorus], proximal, mid- and distal small intestine and caecum) and how these concentrations changed post-prandially were determined. Fifty entire male pigs (22 kg bodyweight at the start of study) were fed semi-synthetic diets containing casein, α-lactalbumin, whey protein isolate or zein as the sole source of protein for 8 days. A further group of pigs received the casein diet for six days and a semi-synthetic protein-free diet for a further 2 days. On day 8, pigs (n = 2 per diet and time point) were euthanized post-prandially (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h), and the stomach, small intestine and caecum were isolated and O2 determined in the GIT contents. Observations at each time point were averaged across the diets (n = 10). The mean O2 concentration was markedly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the stomach compared with the rest of the GIT. The O2 concentration was similar in the small intestinal regions (p > 0.05; 1.0%-1.1%) and the caecum (0.9%), apart for the proximal small intestine which had a 24% higher (p ≤ 0.05) O2 concentration than the caecum. The mean O2 concentration in the GIT varied post-prandially (p ≤ 0.05). The O2 concentration in the cardia decreased 1.8%/h over the first two hours post-feeding and thereafter increased 0.3%/h (p ≤ 0.05). In the caecum, the O2 concentration was constant during the first 4 h and thereafter increased slightly (p ≤ 0.05). The flow of food through the GIT influenced both the concentration and amount of O2 in GIT luminal contents.

Associations between performance-based and self-reported prospective memory, impulsivity and encoding support.

Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to execute future intended actions and may be negatively affected by impulsivity. The current study aimed to address questions on (1) relationships of PM with facets of impulsivity; (2) psychometric properties of a PM task, in particular convergent validity with self-reported PM; and (3) whether external support of the encoding process would improve PM or affect relationships with impulsivity. 245 participants performed the experiment online. Participants completed either a baseline version of the task, which combined blocks of an ongoing working memory task with PM trials involving a varying stimulus requiring an alternative response; or a version that provided external support of encoding by requesting that participants visualize and execute the intended prospective action before each block. The Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) and Short Version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (SUPPS) were used to assess self-reported prospective memory and facets of impulsivity. Reliability of PM performance was good and remained acceptable even with the exclusion of participants with low scores. PM performance was associated with self-reported PM, explaining variance in addition to that explained by working memory performance. PM performance was also negatively associated with impulsivity, in particular sensation seeking and positive urgency, but only in the baseline task. Support did not cause overall improvements in performance. In conclusion, results provided further evidence for a relationship between facets of impulsivity and PM. PM as assessed via the current task has good psychometric properties.

Predictive cues and spatial attentional bias for alcohol: Manipulations of cue-outcome mapping.

Previous studies suggest that cues predicting the outcome of attentional shifts provide a measure of anticipatory alcohol-related attentional bias that is correlated with risky drinking and has high reliability. However, this is complicated by potential contributions of visual features of cues to reliability, unrelated to their predictive value. Further, little is known of the sensitivity of the bias to variations in cue-outcome mapping manipulations, limiting our theoretical and methodological knowledge: Does the bias robustly follow varying cue-outcome mappings, or are there automatic cue-related associative processes involved? The current studies aimed to address these issues. Participants performed variations of the cued Visual Probe Task (cVPT) in which cues were non-predictive; in which there were multiple cue pairs, used simultaneously and serially; and in which the cue-outcome mapping was reversed. The major findings were, first, that previously found reliability cannot be attributed to aspects of the cues not related to outcome-prediction; second, that reliability of the bias does not survive deviations from a simple, consistent cue-outcome mapping; third, that all predictive versions of the task showed a bias towards alcohol; fourth, that the bias did not simply follow awareness of the cue-outcome mapping; and finally, that only in the case of simultaneous multiple cue pairs, an association with risky drinking was replicated. The results provide support for the reliability of the anticipatory attentional bias for alcohol, suggest that relatively persistent associative processes underlie the bias in the alcohol context, and provide a foundation for future work using the cVPT.

Tempos e espaços de esperar a cirurgia: um estudo sobre sistematização do cuidado no pré-operatório / Times and spaces to wait for surgery: a study on preoperative care systematization

O processo cirúrgico é uma situação crítica que expõe o indivíduo a um estresse físico e emocional. A intervenção de enfermagem tem um papel fundamental no período pré-operatório, minimizando o medo e ansiedade do cliente, pois são fatores que comprometem significativamente o êxito cirúrgico e da recuperação pós-operatória. Nesse contexto, a questão central de nosso estudo é: O cliente no tempo de esperar a cirurgia pode nos indicar elementos de uma sistematização de cuidados no pré-operatório? - Onde o cliente que recebe a notícia de sua cirurgia e atravessa por diversas passagens repletas de rituais e onde o chegar e esperar surgem como um padrão para uma intervenção da enfermagem. Assim, nosso objetivo é mostrar indicadores surgidos nas experiências dos clientes que esperam por cirurgia; propor uma sistematização de cuidados pré-operatórios para clientes que esperam por cirurgia, considerando a prevenção de risco; criar indicadores de cuidados e a criação de uma cartilha orientadora para clientes que esperam por cirurgia. O método de escolha é qualitativo, descritivo do tipo estudo de caso. Foram convidados clientes em pré-operatório de cirurgias eletivas maiores de 21 anos que aceitaram participar da pesquisa (n=22) e que assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido após submissão ao comitê de ética respeitando a resolução CNS 466/12 bem como autorização para pesquisa no campo. Este estudo foi realizado Hospital Universitário Federal da cidade do Rio de Janeiro em abril, maio e junho de 2015. Os resultados encontram-se no painel onde destacamos em vermelho as necessidades e sentimentos dos clientes em pré-operatório. A conclusão é de que os clientes indicam o que devemos fazer no tempo de esperar destacando cuidados, ambiente e comunicação a serem revistos e considerados. Este estudo produziu indicadores de sistematização do cuidado como Padrão ESPERAR E TEMER a cirurgia. As discussões nas duas categorias reafirmam a compatibilidade que envolve uma Sistematização do Cuidado para o cliente que é único e singular, livre onde o ponto comum entre eles é Esperar e Temer

Surgery is a critical situation that imposes both physical and emotional stress to the patient. Nursing intervention plays a fundamental role in the post-surgery period by decreasing factors such as fear and anxiety, which severely jeopardize successful outcomes. Given this background, the main question in our study is: could the patient indicate elements of a systematization of the pre-surgery care? The period of time that begins when the patient is informed about the need of a surgery and the surgery itself consists of phases and rituals that provide a pattern for a nursing intervention. Therefore, our goals are to show indicators that rose from the patients' experiences; to propose a systematization of pre-surgery care, taking into account risk prevention; and to create indicators of care and a booklet for patients who wait for surgery. The chosen method is qualitative and descriptive of the case study. 22 pre-surgery patients (all over the age of 21) agreed in participating in this survey and signed an agreement term, which had been submitted to the Ethics Committee, in agreement with the CNS 466/12 resolution, as well as an authorization for the field research. This study was conducted in the Federal University Hospital of the city of Rio de Janeiro. The conclusion is that the patients indicate what we should do in the pre-surgery waiting time, pointing out care, environment and communication to be reviewed and considered. This study produced indicators of systematization of the care as a WAIT and FEAR Pattern of the surgery. The discussions in both categories reinforce the compatibility that encompasses a Systematization of Care for the patients who are unique, but have in common the Wait and Fear

Ser mãe portadora do HIV: análise compreensiva / HIV positive motherwood: a comprehensive analysis / Ser madre portadora de la sida - análisis comprensiva

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo compreender o significado de ser mãe portadora do HIV apoiadas em metodologia qualitativa com abordagem fenomenológica, buscou-se a compreensão do fenômeno a partir das falas das puérperas portadoras do HIV em um Serviço de Obstetrícia de um Hospital Público do Município do Rio de Janeiro. A análise dos depoimentos evidenciou que as mulheres percebem este momento com sua singularidade, sendo esta uma ocasião única, diferenciada na qual necessitam de apoio e compreensão de familiares e amigos para que superem as dificuldades inerentes à realidade vivenciada.