RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Emergence of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium vivax is a serious obstacle towards malaria control in India. This study elucidates the temporal pattern of antifolate [sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP)] resistance in P. vivax infection by means of genetic polymorphisms, especially analysing the single nucleotide polymorphisms of dihydrofolate reductase (pvdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (pvdhps) gene among the field isolates of urban Kolkata Municipal Corporation and rural Purulia region of West Bengal, India. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 99 microscopically diagnosed P. vivax patients (52 from Kolkata Municipal Corporation and 47 from Purulia). Parasitic DNA was extracted followed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of different codons of pvdhfr gene (15, 33, 50, 57, 58, 61, 64, 117, and 173 codons) and pvdhps gene (373, 380, 382, 383, 384, 512, 553, 585, and 601 codons) were performed to identify the mutations. RESULTS: Prevalence of double mutant dhfr A15P33N50F57 R 58 T61V64 N 117 I173 allele (53.85 %) was observed in Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) whereas in Purulia, wild dhfr A15P33N50F57S58T61V64S117I173 allele was predominated (48.94 %). In pvdhps gene a significant number of isolates (17.31 %) in KMC contained the double mutant S373E380S382 G 383 P384K512 G 553 V585M601 allele. pvdhfr and pvdhps combination haplotype revealed the emergence of quadruple (13.46 %) and quintuple (3.84 %) mutant allele in KMC, which might result in poor clinical response against antifolate drugs. CONCLUSION: The study reveals that P. vivax parasites in rural Purulia may still be susceptible to SP but additional caution should be taken for treatment of vivax malaria in KMC to limit the blooming of quadruple and quintuple mutant allele in the remainder of the West Bengal, India.
Assuntos
Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Di-Hidropteroato Sintase/genética , Resistência a Medicamentos , Frequência do Gene , Proteínas Mutantes/genética , Plasmodium vivax/genética , Tetra-Hidrofolato Desidrogenase/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Combinação de Medicamentos , Feminino , Humanos , Índia , Malária Vivax/parasitologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Plasmodium vivax/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasmodium vivax/isolamento & purificação , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Pirimetamina/farmacologia , Sulfadoxina/farmacologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In the title compound, C(19)H(15)NO, the neutral molecules are held together in the crystal structure by very weak C-H...O interactions, giving rise to a linear chain-like structure. The structure of the molecule has been optimized using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level and this is compared with the molecular structure in the solid state. The two structures show significant differences in the relative orientations of the aromatic rings, which is interesting for further supramolecular study. Apart from the crystal structure analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, UV-visible and thermogravimetric analyses of the compound have been carried out.
