Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography.

The objective of this retrospective descriptive study was to describe variations in the anatomic position of the infraorbital canal relative to the mesial and distal roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth for the three canine skull types (mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic) using cone beam computed tomography. The study evaluated the position of the infraorbital canal in 120 canine patients (240 teeth) that presented to a private dentistry referral practice for reasons unrelated to the study. There were 40 patients for each skull type, determined by breed and facial index calculation. A grid system was used to determine the anatomic positions of the infraorbital canal relative to the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth. The infraorbital canal's most frequent position at the mesial roots level for the total population (38.8%) and the mesocephalic skull type (53.8%) was apical to the furcation. For the brachycephalic (40.0%) and the dolichocephalic skull types (40.0%), the most frequent position was partially in the furcation and partially apical to the furcation. The most frequent position of the infraorbital canal at the level of the distal root was apical and palatal to the distal root for the total population (36.7%), the mesocephalic skull type (42.5%), and the brachycephalic skull type (35.0%). For the dolichocephalic skull type, the most frequent location of the infraorbital canal was both directly palatal and partially apical and palatal to the distal root (42.5%). For the brachycephalic skull type, the distal root was most frequently positioned caudal to the maxillary foramen/floor of the orbit (62.5%). Based on these findings, extra care must be taken with the dolichocephalic and the brachycephalic skull types to avoid iatrogenic trauma to the infraorbital canal and the orbit during surgical procedures on the maxillary fourth premolar tooth.

Communication, Veterinary-Client-Patient Relationship, and Teledentistry.

Communication is the basis of any relationship. Communication can help strengthen the relationship between veterinarians, their clients, and their colleagues throughout the profession. Different models of communication have been demonstrated including the directive model, consumerism model, and relationship-centered model. When veterinarians refer to a specialist, they view the referral as an extension of the care they provide. Therefore, developing a relationship with the specialist is an important facet of patient care. Creating an appropriate veterinary-client-patient relationship (VCPR) helps the patient receive the best care possible. This needs to be considered when offering telemedicine or teledentistry to clients or referring veterinarians.

Extensive Maxillary Odontomas in 2 Dogs.

Two immature male dogs were presented for the treatment of extensive maxillary compound odontomas. In both cases, clinical evaluation and diagnostic imaging revealed extensive lesions invading and displacing anatomical structures of the maxilla. Histopathology confirmed the diagnoses in both cases. One dog was treated with partial rostral maxillectomy, and the other dog was treated with enucleation of the cystic lining and removal of tooth-like structures through a lateral rhinotomy utilizing an intraoral approach. This report illustrates the growth potential of maxillary compound odontomas in 2 dogs and highlights their subclinical appearance and excellent prognosis despite their extensive nature.

Clinical canine dental radiography.

The purpose of this article is to provide small animal veterinarians in private practice a guideline for interpretation of the most common findings in canine intraoral radiology. Normal oral and dental anatomy is presented. A brief review of variations of normal, common periodontal and endodontic pathology findings and developmental anomalies is provided.