Comparison of ultrasound-guided sacral erector spinae plane block and caudal epidural block for analgesia in paediatric patients undergoing hypospadias repair: A double-blind, randomised controlled trial.

Background and Aims: Caudal block is more frequently used in children for postoperative analgesia. However, its disadvantage is its short duration. Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) at the sacral level can potentially block the pudendal nerve. It may prove an alternative to caudal block for hypospadias repair regarding time to first rescue analgesia. Methods: Fifty children of 2-7 years of age were included. After induction of general anaesthesia, Group I (n = 25) was given ultrasound-guided sacral ESPB with 1 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine and Group II (n = 25) was given caudal block with 0.5 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine. Postoperatively at face, leg, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) score ≥4, rescue analgesia was given using intravenous 15 mg/kg paracetamol. The primary outcome was to compare time to first rescue analgesia, and secondary outcomes were intraoperative haemodynamic parameters, fentanyl consumption, postoperative FLACC score and analgesic consumption in 24 h. Continuous variables were compared using the independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney test, and categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square test. Results: The mean time to first rescue analgesia was 21.30 (standard deviation [SD]: 3.06) h in Group I and 9.36 (SD: 1.71) h in Group II (P < 0.001) (mean difference -11.94 [95% CI: -13.39, -10.48]). The FLACC score was significantly higher (P < 0.05) postoperatively at 8, 10, 12 and 18 h in Group II. Mean postoperative analgesic consumption was 310.5 (SD: 72.69) mg in Group I and 615.6 (SD: 137.51) mg in Group II (P < 0.001) (mean difference 30.5 [95% CI: 236.41, 373.78]). Conclusion: Sacral ESPB is better regarding time to first rescue analgesia than caudal block in paediatric patients undergoing hypospadias repair.

Evaluation of USG-guided novel sacral erector spinae block for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing hypospadias repair: A randomized controlled trial.

Background and Aims: Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) has been found to be simple, safe, and effective at thoracic and lumbar levels. There is no randomized controlled trial evaluating its effectiveness at sacral level. The present study was conducted to evaluate its effectiveness at sacral level for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing hypospadias repair. Material and Methods: Forty children of 2-7 years with ASA grade I or II were included. They were randomly allocated to one of the two groups of 20 patients each. After induction of general anesthesia, patients of group I were given ultrasound-guided sacral ESPB with 1 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine, and patients of group II were not given block. Postoperatively, pain was assessed using face, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) scale at 0 hour, every 15 min up to 1 hour, every half an hour up to 2 hours, 2 hourly up to 12 hours, and at 18th hour and 24th hour postoperatively. At FLACC score ≥4, rescue analgesia was given using 15 mg/kg paracetamol infusion. Primary objective was to compare postoperative analgesic (paracetamol) consumption, and secondary objective was time to first rescue analgesia. Results: Mean postoperative paracetamol consumption was 360 ± 156.60 mg in group I and 997.50 ± 310.87 mg in group II (P = 0.001). Time to first rescue analgesia was 906 ± 224.51 min in group I and 205.00 ± 254.92 min in group II (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Sacral ESPB has been found to be effective in reducing postoperative analgesic consumption in pediatric patients undergoing hypospadias repair.

Dexamethasone in anesthesia practice: A narrative review.

Dexamethasone is routinely used in anesthesia practice and has been regarded as one of the ideal perioperative agents. It is a synthetic glucocorticoid with potent antiinflammatory action. It reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting, pain, postoperative opioid requirements after general anaesthesia as well as spinal anaesthesia. It has been used via intravenous, epidural and perineural routes. It has been used successfully in fascial blocks. It significantly decreases fatigue, shivering and postoperative sore throat and improves quality of recovery.

Drug-drug Interaction between Psychotropic Medications and Medications Used in COVID-19: Comparison of Online Databases.

Objective: COVID-19 has gravely affected patients with psychiatric conditions. Potential interactions may occur between psychotropic medications and medications used in treatment of COVID-19. This study aimed to compare the online databases in terms of the quality of drug-drug interaction related information available on them. Methods: 216 drug interactions which included fifty-four psychotropic medication interactions with four COVID-19 drugs across six databases were analyzed by four authors independently. The overall grading of the databases was done on Likert scale independently by the authors using the parameters of ease of understanding for consumers and professionals, level of completeness, discussion on level of evidence and the number of available drugs, congruity with other databases and the mean score was tabulated. Results: Drugbank and Lexicomp had maximum discrepancy. The safety profile of Hydroxychloroquine was the best (eighteen moderate/severe psychotropic medication reactions) while Ritonavir has worst profile with thirty-nine medications. Drugbank had the highest SCOPE score (1.00) for completeness and covid19druginteractions.com had least (0.81). Overall, Liverpool© Drug Interaction Group and Lexicomp scored the highest (23/30 each) and were the best interaction checker software closely followed by Drugs.com (22/30). Medscape and WebMD were the poorest interaction checker databases. Conclusion: There is significant variability in the available online databases. Liverpool© Drug Interaction Group and Lexicomp were the most reliable sources for healthcare workers whereas for patients, Drugs.com was the easiest to understand (as it segregates the needs of general consumers and professionals distinctly to explain the interaction).

Efficacy of inferior vena cava collapsibility index and caval aorta index in predicting the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia- A prospective, blinded, observational study.

Background and Aim: Spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension (SAIH) is a frequent side effect of spinal anaesthesia. SAIH is usually observed in patients with hypovolemia. Ultrasonography has evolved as a non-invasive tool for volume status assessment. Methods: This prospective, blinded, observational study was conducted on 75 adult patients who required spinal anaesthesia after receiving ethical approval and registering the study. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the aorta and the inferior vena cava (IVC) was done preoperatively, and the IVC collapsibility index (IVCCI) and caval aorta index were calculated. The incidence of SAIH was recorded. The strength of the association between different parameters and SAIH was calculated. To find out the value of the optimal cut-off for the prediction of SAIH, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for various ultrasound parameters was done. The bidirectional stepwise selection was utilised for multivariate analysis to choose the single best predictor. Results: SAIH was observed in 36 patients. Among demographic parameters, age, female gender, and height showed a medium correlation. Among ultrasonographic measurements, minimum IVC internal diameter (IVCmin) and IVCCI showed a strong association with SAIH. The best parameter regarding area under the ROC curve (AUC) and diagnostic accuracy was IVCCI (0.828 and 85%, respectively). On multivariate analysis, age (95% CI [1.01, 1.12], P = 0.024) and IVCCI (95% CI [1.05, 1.18], P < 0.001) were significant independent predictors. At a cut-off point of ≥43.5%, IVCCI accurately predicted SAIH (sensitivity 81% and specificity 90%). Conclusion: Preoperative ultrasonographic assessment of IVC to evaluate its collapsibility index is a convenient, cost-effective, and reproducible tool for predicting SAIH.

A study to evaluate perfusion index as a predictor of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section.

Background and Aims: The perfusion index (PI) has been used as a marker of peripheral perfusion. A lower PI indicates greater peripheral vascular tone and increased risk of hypotension following spinal anesthesia. The present study was conducted to evaluate and correlate perfusion index (PI) with incidence of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for caesarean section. Material and Methods: The present prospective, double blind, observational study included sixty full term parturients in the age group 18-35 years belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II, having singleton pregnancy undergoing caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. On the basis of baseline PI, patients were allocated into one of the two groups: Group I (n = 30) Patients with baseline PI ≤.3.5 and Group II (n = 30) Patients with PI >3.5. Results: The incidence of hypotension in group I was 40% as compared to 73.3% in group II (p = 0.009). Thus, the incidence of hypotension in group II with baseline PI >.3.5 was more as compared to group I. Patients in group II with baseline PI >.3.5 had significantly more episodes of hypotension as compared to those in group I with baseline PI ≤3.5. Conclusion: PI can be used as a useful tool for predicting hypotension in parturients undergoing elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia in everyday practice.

A Study to Evaluate Changes in Modified Mallampati Class in Patients Undergoing Spine Surgery in Prone Position.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative airway changes due to anesthesia and surgery could change a normal airway at induction to a risky airway at extubation. OBJECTIVES: The objective is to evaluate primarily the degree of airway changes, as quantified by the modified Mallampati (MMP) class, after spine surgery in the prone position. Secondary to assess the time required for these changes to revert back to the preoperative state and their correlation with other demographic and surgical variables. METHODS: The present prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital after ethical approval and trial registration. Fifty ASA I and II patients aged 18-65 years of both sex and undergoing spine surgery in prone positions were included. Supine MMP grade was observed preoperatively and at one, two, four, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: IBM SPSS version 22 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) was used.Mean values were compared using paired t-tests and medians by the Wilcoxon test. The Spearman correlation was used to assess a relationship. The time for recovery was analyzed by Kaplan-Meir analysis. RESULTS: An increase in MMP grade was observed at one hour postoperatively in 46 (92%) patients. Changes reverted back in 45 (98%) patients by 24 hours postoperatively. A weak positive correlation with age, weight, body mass index, duration of surgery, perioperative drop in hemoglobin, and a moderate positive correlation with fluid administered and estimated blood loss was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in postoperative MMP occurs in the majority of patients undergoing prone position spine surgery which may persist up to 48 hours. So, more vigilance and caution are warranted should reintubation be needed postoperatively.

Management of Psychiatric Disorders in Patients with Parkinson's Diseases.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous progressive neurodegenerative disorder, with a triad of motor symptoms with akinesia/bradykinesia, resting tremor (4-6 Hz), and rigidity. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. The overall management of PD depends on the status of symptoms, functioning of the patients, impairment, disability, and its impact on quality of life. Depression, anxiety disorders, apathy, anhedonia, psychosis, cognitive impairments, dementia, and impulse control disorders (ICDs) are the common psychiatric symptoms/disorders comorbid with PD. Depression remains the most common psychiatric disorder reported to be comorbid with PD. Several pharmacological and nonpharmacological management strategies are used for the treatment of comorbid psychiatric disorders in PD. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are used to treat depression in patients with PD. The best evidence of efficacy in PD psychosis is for clozapine and pimavanserin. The treatment for cognitive impairments in PD remains poorly researched. Rivastigmine is the only approved treatment for PD as per the Food and Drug Administration. Pramipexole, a dopamine agonist (DA), is reported to cause improvement in the symptoms of decreased willingness in apathy. The treatment approaches for different sleep disorders in PD are different. Identifying the cause, reviewing the patient's ongoing medications, and evaluating the impact of comorbid medical conditions and sleep hygiene are common to all conditions related to sleep disorders. The first approach for treating ICD symptoms is the reduction or discontinuation of DAs. The psychiatric symptoms in patients with PD are highly prevalent, and their management should be included in the basic treatment algorithm for PD. This paper summarizes common psychiatric symptoms/disorders in PD and their management approaches.

Prospective randomized double-blind study to evaluate propofol and combination of propofol and sevoflurane as maintenance agents in reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting in female patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery.

Prevention and management of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a fundamental part of anesthesia. Using sevoflurane and propofol in combination for maintenance of anesthesia has been found to reduce PONV compared to sevoflurane alone. However, there are limited studies comparing propofol with a combination of propofol and sevoflurane for the incidence of PONV after laparoscopic surgery. The prospective, randomized, double-blind study was planned to compare propofol and combination of propofol and sevoflurane as maintenance agents for the incidence of PONV. Seventy female patients of 18-60 years, of American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II, undergoing laparoscopic surgery were included. Propofol group (n = 35) included induction with propofol and maintenance with propofol infusion, and propofol + sevoflurane group (n = 35) included induction with propofol and maintenance with a combination of propofol infusion and sevoflurane inhalation. The objectives were to find the incidence of PONV and requirement of rescue antiemetic. In the propofol group, 11 patients (33%) experienced PONV and in the propofol + sevoflurane group, PONV was experienced by 12 patients (38.7%) [0.65]. In the propofol group, 11 patients required ondansetron and out of these 11 patients, 2 patients required metoclopramide. In the propofol + sevoflurane group, Ondansetron was required by 12 patients and 3 patients out of these 12 patients required metoclopramide. In the present study, the incidence of PONV was found to be similar in both groups. So, it can be suggested to add sevoflurane in smaller doses to infusion of propofol for maintenance of anesthesia.

Comparison and evaluation of two different crystalloids - Normal saline and plasmalyte in patients of traumatic brain injury undergoing craniotomy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fluid therapy is one of the most important components of the management of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study was planned to compare plasmalyte and normal saline (NS) in patients who underwent craniotomies for TBI in terms of their effects on acid-base equilibrium, renal functions, and coagulation profile. METHODS: Fifty patients of age 18-45 years of either sex, who underwent emergency craniotomy for TBI, were included in the study. The patients were randomized into two groups. Group P (n = 25) received isotonic balanced crystalloid (plasmalyte) and Group N (n = 25) received NS intraoperatively and postoperatively till 24 h after surgery. RESULTS: The pH was lower in Group N (P < 0.05) at different time points after surgery. Similarly, more patients in Group N had pH <7.3 (P < 0.05); while the rest of the metabolic parameters were comparable in the two groups. Blood urea and serum creatinine were higher in Group N. Coagulation profile was comparable in the two groups. CONCLUSION: Acid-base, electrolyte balance, and renal profile were better in patients receiving plasmalyte as compared to NS. Hence, it can be a wiser choice for fluid management in patients of TBI undergoing craniotomy.

A study to evaluate nasotracheal intubation using Airtraq laryngoscope with a bougie and without a bougie.

Background and Aims: Airtraq has been found to be useful in improving the view of the glottis. However, directing the tube tip into the glottis can be challenging during nasotracheal intubation. This problem gets resolved if the bougie is placed first. The present study was conducted for the evaluation of nasotracheal intubation using a nasal Airtraq laryngoscope with and without a bougie. Methods: Fifty patients of either gender, aged between 18 and 60 years, who belonged to the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status (PS) I or II, requiring nasotracheal intubation were included. In group I (number (n) = 25), nasotracheal intubation was performed with a bougie, and in group II (n = 25), it was performed without a bougie. The primary objective was a comparison of the time taken to achieve successful nasotracheal intubation. Secondary objectives were ease of intubation and additional manoeuvres required for intubation. Results: The mean (± standard deviation) for time for intubation in group I was 59.24 ± 9.98 s and that in group II was 41.00 ± 4.23 s (P = 0.001). Two patients (8%) in group I and ten patients (40%) in group II required additional manoeuvres for intubation (P = 0.008). Twenty-three patients (92%) in group I and 15 patients (60%) in group II had easy intubation (P = 0.030). In group I, no patient had trauma, whereas, in group II, four patients (16%) had trauma (P = 0.030) during intubation. Conclusion: The time taken for nasotracheal intubation using an Airtraq laryngoscope was more with the use of a bougie as compared to the non-bougie technique. However, bougie-guided intubation was easier with less requirement of additional manoeuvres. In addition, trauma was also significantly less with the bougie technique.

A study to evaluate the change in perfusion index as an indicator of successful ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Perfusion index (PI) is a new simple, objective and non-invasive method for evaluation of the success of central neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks. So, we conducted a study with an aim to evaluate PI as an indicator for success of ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block (SCB). METHODS: 65 patients of either sex, age 18-60 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II posted for upper limb surgery under ultrasound (US)-guided SCB were included. PI was recorded at baseline every 2 minutes till 10 minutes and then every 5 minutes till 30 minutes after block. PI ratio was calculated as the ratio between PI at 10 minutes and baseline PI. Sensory and motor blocks were assessed at 5-minutes intervals up to 30 minutes. Descriptive analysis was applied by mean and standard deviation for quantitative, frequency and proportion for categorical variables. RESULTS: Mean PI increased continuously from baseline and reached the maximum at 10 minutes and then slightly decreased up to 30 minutes, but values at subsequent time intervals were quite high as compared to baseline. In case of successful blocks, median PI started increasing 2 minutes after the block and then increased in a linear fashion till 10 minutes, whereas in case of failed blocks, it only increased minimally. CONCLUSION: PI is an objective and faster indicator for evaluating success of US-guided SCB. A cut-off value of 3.25 for PI and 3.03 for PI ratio showed a fairly good ability with high sensitivity and specificity for predicting the success of SCB.

A study to compare Air-Q intubating laryngeal airway with Ambu Auragain laryngeal mask for blind tracheal intubation using Parker flex tip tube.

Background and Aims: A number of supraglottic airways have been developed to facilitate the passage of tracheal tubes. Various studies have been conducted using air-Q ILA as a conduit for endotracheal intubation. Ambu AuraGain is a newer 3rd generation supraglottic airway device. There are limited studies available in literature on blind tracheal intubation through the Ambu AuraGain. This study was designed to compare air-Q ILA and Ambu AuraGain as conduit for blind tracheal intubation using Parker flex tip tube. Material and Methods: One hundred twenty patients of either sex, aged 18-60 years, belonging to ASA physical status I or II scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia requiring endotracheal intubation were included in the study. Patients were randomly allocated to one of the two groups. Group A (n = 60) included blind intubation through air-Q ILA using Parker flex tip tube and group B (n = 60) included blind intubation through Ambu AuraGain using Parker flex tip tube. Results: The first attempt success rate was significantly more in group A (P < 0.001). Intubation was significantly easy in group A as compared to group B (P < 0.001). The mean time for insertion of endotracheal tube through air-Q ILA in group A was 17.85 ± 6.25 sec while in group B it was 30.19 ± 10.97 sec (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Air-Q ILA resulted in significantly more success rate and ease of intubation as compared to Ambu AuraGain.

A prospective, randomised, comparative study to evaluate long axis, short axis and medial oblique axis approach for ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein cannulation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The Ultrasound (USG)-guided internal jugular vein (IJV) cannulation can be performed using different approaches like short axis (SAX), long axis (LAX), oblique axis (OAX) or medial oblique axis (M-OAX). We aimed to determine which view was optimal for IJV cannulation. METHODS: After ethical committee approval and written informed consent, this prospective, randomised, controlled trial was conducted on 108 patients. Patients were allocated into one of the three groups: A (SAX), B (LAX) and C (M-OAX approach) for USG-guided IJV cannulation. The number of needle passes, the success of IJV cannulation and its diameter, venous access time, guidewire time, catheterisation time and complications if any were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 17.0. RESULTS: First needle pass success rate was highest in M-OAX (97.2%) followed by SAX (88.9%) and then LAX (77.8%) but it was statistically insignificant among the groups. Mean venous access, guidewire insertion and catheterisation time were shortest in M-OAX followed by SAX and then LAX approach. It was statistically significant between LAX and SAX and between LAX and M-OAX group. (P < 0.001). The carotid puncture was noticed in two patients in the LAX group. The overall success rate and the number of needle passes were comparable among the groups. CONCLUSION: The M-OAX approach is a safe and effective technique for USG-guided IJV cannulation when compared to SAX and LAX approaches.

A study to evaluate and compare intubating laryngeal mask airway and air-Q intubating laryngeal airway for intubation using Parker Flex Tip tube.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Though manufacturer recommendations suggest use of specific endotracheal tube (ETT) with intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA) and air-Q intubating laryngeal airway (ILA), Parker Flex Tip tube introduced by J D Parker has certain advantages and is also cost-effective. This study was conducted to compare ILMA and air-Q ILA for intubation using Parker Flex Tip tube. METHODS: Patients of either gender, aged 18-60 years, scheduled for elective surgery requiring endotracheal intubation were included in this study. In group A (n = 55), blind intubation was done through ILMA using Parker Flex Tip tube and in group B (n = 55), blind intubation was done through air-Q ILA using Parker Flex Tip tube. Success rate, number of attempts, ease and a total time of intubation were recorded. RESULTS: Intubation was successful in 54 patients (98.2%) in group A and in 46 patients (85.2%) in group B (P = 0.026). Intubation was significantly easy with ILMA (P = 0.048). Manoeuvres for intubation were used in 10.9% patients in group A while it was used in 27.8% patients in group B. Significantly, more manoeuvres were required with air-Q ILA for intubation (P = 0.026). Number of attempts for ETT placement (P = 0.092), insertion time of ETT (TT) (P = 0.472) and total time taken for successful intubation (P = 0.526) were comparable in both the groups. CONCLUSION: The intubating laryngeal mask airway was superior to the air-Q intubating laryngeal airway for blind intubation using Parker Flex Tip tube.

Comparison of conventional with Parker flex-tip tracheal tube for intubation through air-Q intubating laryngeal airway.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The problem of difficult and failed intubation led to increased development of equipment for airway management. A number of supraglottic airways have now been developed to facilitate the passage of tracheal tubes. Conventional PVC tracheal tubes are recommended for intubation through the air-Q ILA. No study has compared different PVC tubes for blind intubation through air-Q ILA. Thus, we undertook this prospective, randomised, single blind study to compare two PVC tracheal tubes with different designs viz. conventional PVC tracheal tube (TT) and Parker flex-tip TT with regards to success rate, ease of intubation and total time required for successful intubation through air-Q ILA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred patients of either sex, aged 18-60 years, belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status class I and II scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia requiring endotracheal intubation were included in the study. Blind intubation using conventional PVC TT and Parker flex-tip tube was done in group A (n = 50) and group B (n = 50), respectively. RESULTS: The first attempt success rate in Parker flex-tip TT was significantly more as compared to conventional PVC TT (P = 0.002). Success rate of intubation was significantly more in Parker flex-tip TT as compared to conventional PVC TT (P = 0.004). The intubation was significantly easy in Parker flex-tip tube as compared to conventional PVC TT (P = 0.002). Total time of intubation was less in Parker flex-tip tube as compared to PVC TT (P = 0.043). CONCLUSION: Unique design of the Parker Flex-tip TT resulted in increase in success rate, first attempt success rate and ease of intubation in group B in present study.