New 3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)quinolin-2(1H)-one-based triazole derivatives: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation as antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing agents.

A series of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives based on the quinoline-benzimidazole hybrid scaffold was designed, synthesized, and screened against a panel of NCI-60 humanoid cancer cell lines for in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation, which revealed that compound Q6 was the most potent cytotoxic agent with excellent GI50 , TGI, and LC50 values on multiple cancer cell lines. Q6 was tested further on the BT-474 breast cancer line to evaluate the mechanism of action. Preliminary screening studies based on the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay revealed that compound Q6 had an excellent antiproliferative effect against human breast cancer cells, BT-474, with IC50 values of 0.59 ± 0.01 µM. The detailed study based on the acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining (AO/EB) and the 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) assay suggested that the antiproliferative activity shown was due to the induction of apoptosis on exposure to Q6. Further, DCFDA staining showed the generation of reactive oxygen species, altering the mitochondrial potential and leading to the initiation of apoptosis. This was further supported by JC-1 staining, indicating that this scaffold can contribute to the development of more potent derivatives.