A highly sensitive fluorescent probe RN-NA reveals peroxynitrite as a novel biomarker for primary open angle glaucoma.

AIM: To directly quantify peroxynitrite (ONOO-) using a highly sensitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer probe RN-NA, investigate the association between ONOO- and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), and clarify whether RN-NA could be used as a potential tool for POAG diagnosis. METHODS: Plasma and aqueous humor (AH) samples were collected from POAG patients (n=100, age: 59.70±6.87y) and age-related cataract (ARC) patients (n=100, age: 61.15±4.60y) admitted to our hospital. Next, RN-NA was used to detect ONOO- in plasma and AH samples, and the relationship between ONOO- level and POAG was analyzed using binary logistic regression. Besides, Pearson correlation analysis was applied to characterize the correlation of the levels of ONOO- with the patients' age, intraocular pressure (IOP), and mean deviation of visual field testing. The ONOO- scavenger MnTMPyP was employed to treat the 3-morpholinosyndnomine (SIN-1)-induced ocular hypertension in mice (n=7, 6-8wk). Finally, the IOP and ONOO- in both eyes were measured 30min after the last drug treatment. RESULTS: ONOO- levels of AH and plasma were significantly higher in the POAG group than in the ARC group (P<0.01). Additionally, ONOO- levels were closely correlated with POAG in a binary logistic regression analysis [odds ratio (OR)=1.008, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.002-1.013, P<0.01 for AH; OR=1.004, 95%CI: 1.002-1.006, P<0.001 for plasma]. Pearson correlation analysis showed that ONOO- levels in AH or plasma were positively associated with visual field defects (R=0.51, P<0.01 for AH; R=0.45, P<0.001 for plasma), and ONOO- levels in plasma and AH were correlated in the POAG group (R=0.69, P<0.001). However, administering MnTMPyP to mouse eyes reversed the elevated IOP caused by SIN-1 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: ONOO- levels in AH and plasma, detected by RN-NA, are significantly related to POAG and positively correlated with visual field defects in POAG patients. Hence, ONOO- is a potential biomarker of POAG, especially advanced POAG. Besides, anti-nitration compounds may be novel ocular hypotensive agents based on the animal study.

Enhancing sustainable crop cultivation: The impact of renewable soil amendments and digestate fertilizer on crop growth and nutrient composition.

Utilizing digestate as a fertilizer enhances soil nutrient content, improves fertility, and minimizes nutrient runoff, mitigating water pollution risks. This alternative approach replaces commercial fertilizers, thereby reducing their environmental impact and lowering greenhouse gas emissions associated with fertilizer production and landfilling. Herein, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of various soil amendments, including carbon fractions from waste materials (biochar, compost, and cocopeat), and food waste anaerobic digestate application methods on tomato plant growth (Solanum lycopersicum) and soil fertility. The results suggested that incorporating soil amendments (biochar, compost, and cocopeat) into the potting mix alongside digestate application significantly enhances crop yields, with increases ranging from 12.8 to 17.3% compared to treatments without digestate. Moreover, the combination of soil-biochar amendment and digestate application suggested notable improvements in nitrogen levels by 20.3% and phosphorus levels by 14%, surpassing the performance of the those without digestate. Microbial analysis revealed that the soil-biochar amendment significantly enhanced biological nitrification processes, leading to higher nitrogen levels compared to soil-compost and soil-cocopeat amendments, suggesting potential nitrogen availability enhancement within the rhizosphere's ecological system. Chlorophyll content analysis suggested a significant 6.91% increase with biochar and digestate inclusion in the soil, compared to the treatments without digestate. These findings underscore the substantial potential of crop cultivation using soil-biochar amendments in conjunction with organic fertilization through food waste anaerobic digestate, establishing a waste-to-food recycling system.

Selection of oat (Avena sativa L.) drought-tolerant genotypes based on multiple yield-associated traits.

BACKGROUND: Most plant breeding and agricultural practices are based on selecting genotypes for yield. However, this is inadequate to screen crop varieties for specific attributes, such as drought tolerance. In this study, we quantified the response of oat (Avena sativa L.) plant physiological and morphological traits to drought stress and selected some key traits to establish a genotype by yield*trait (GYT)-based method for ranking 30 oat genotypes. The effectiveness of this method was also evaluated under drought conditions. RESULTS: Water-deficit treatment significantly reduced leaf chlorophyll, root morphological traits, groat yield and associated components, such as mean grain weight. We observed that the genotypes 'JUSTICE' and 'BOLINA' had the smallest and largest yield loss, respectively, after exposure to drought stress, but showed opposite trends in the biomass allocation of roots and grains. This indicated that drought tolerance was highly dependent on the distribution of photoassimilates. Our results also illustrated that the GYT method is a trade-off approach and more effective in selecting oat ideotypes under drought conditions than the yield-related index method because it combines yield, yield stability, and related agronomic traits in the calculation process. CONCLUSION: Drought-tolerant genotypes had more biomass allocated to roots and grains with higher chlorophyll content and better root structure, e.g. longer root lengths than drought-sensitive lines. By integrating yield and yield-related traits, the GYT approach is more practical than traditional single-trait selection methods when assessing drought tolerance. © 2023 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.

Concurrent Improvement in Maize Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Enhancing Inherent Soil Productivity.

Quantifying the relationships of maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) to inherent soil productivity (ISP) could provide a theoretical basis for implementing strategies that concurrently narrow the yield gap, increase NUE, and improve soil quality. A field study under irrigation conditions was conducted at five locations with large differences in ISP (estimated by maize grain yield without using fertilizers) across various ecological regions in Inner Mongolia, China. Our results showed that the changes in maize yield and nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFPN) to ISP followed a linear-plateau model, with a common inflection point. When ISP was below 8.0 t ha-1, maize yield and PFPN were stagnating at a low level, due to a trade-off between the contribution of soil and chemical fertilizers to yield. When ISP exceeded 8.0 t ha-1, the contribution rate of soil to yield stabilized at 80%, resulting in a simultaneous increase in maize yield by 1.2 t ha-1 and PFPN by 4.6 kg kg-1, for increasing ISP at each t ha-1. Our results indicated that while keeping other management strategies unchanged, to increase maize yield and PFPN by 15% or further 30%, it is necessary to increase ISP to 9.3 and 10.4 t ha-1, respectively. In this scenario, N input will be reduced by 33.5 and 47.5%, and apparent N losses will be reduced by 11.7 and 21.5%, respectively. Therefore, enhancing ISP could lead to a simultaneous improvement in yield and NUE as well as strongly support the green development of maize production.

Bottom-up redistribution of biomass optimizes energy allocation, water use and yield formation in dryland wheat improvement.

BACKGROUND: Modern wheat cultivars have been developed having distinct advantages in many aspects under drought stress, such as plasticity in biomass allocation and root system architecture. A better understanding of the biomass allocation mechanisms that enable modern wheat to achieve higher yields and yield-based water use efficiency (WUEg ) is essential for implementing best management strategies and identifying phenotypic traits for cultivar improvement. We systematically investigated the biomass allocation, morphological and physiological characteristics of three ploidy wheat genotypes under 80% and 50% field water-holding capacity (FC) conditions. Some crucial traits were also assessed in a complementary field experiment. RESULTS: The diploid and tetraploid genotypes were found to allocate more biomass to the root system, especially roots in the topsoil under drought stress. Our data illustrated that lower WUEg and yield of these old genotypes were due to excessive investment in the root system, which was associated with severely restricted canopy development. Modern hexaploid genotypes were found to allocate smaller biomass to roots and larger biomass to shoots. This not only ensured the necessary water uptake, but also allowed the plant to distribute more assimilates and limited water to the shoots. Therefore, the hexaploid genotypes have evolved a stable plant canopy structure to optimize WUEg and grain yield. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the biomass shift from below ground to above ground or a more balanced root:shoot ratio tended to optimize water use and yield of the modern cultivars. This discovery provides potential guidance for future dryland wheat breeding and sustainable management strategies. © 2021 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.

Construction of a Rational-Designed Multifunctional Platform Based on a Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Process for Simultaneous Detection of pH and Endogenous Peroxynitrite.

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a kind of reactive oxygen species, plays an indispensable role in many physiological processes. The stability and reactivity of ONOO- are significantly affected by the pH of the environment. A novel fluorescent probe RN-NA that can simultaneously respond to ONOO- and pH was proposed and constructed based on a rational-designed multifunctional fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) platform. The RN-NA probe exhibited a remarkably different fluorescence change in response to ONOO- and pH. The fluorescence signals at 525 and 710 nm increased about 4-fold with a pH change from 8.0 to 3.0. The changes in fluorescence at 525 nm are mainly attributed to photo-induced electron transfer, and the fluorescence enhancement at 710 nm was mainly due to acid-induced open-closed circulation. In the presence of ONOO-, the fluorescence at 525 nm increased 5-fold, while the fluorescence at 710 nm was almost completely diminished. Up to 70-fold fluorescence enhancement was observed in the ratiometric channel F525/F710. In the cell imaging experiment, the intracellular pH was adjusted using H+/K+ ionophore and nigericin, and the endogenous ONOO- was generated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and γ-interferon (IFN-γ). The RN-NA probe can respond to cellular pH and endogenous ONOO- with remarkable fluorescence changes in both red/green and ratiometric channels.

Nitrogen utilisation-efficient oilseed rape (Brassica napus) genotypes exhibit stronger growth attributes from flowering stage onwards.

Preliminary studies observed a lower growth activity during the vegetative stage with higher growth attributes at the pod-filling stage among the high nitrogen (N) utilisation efficiency (NUtE) oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) genotypes, compared with the low NUtE genotypes. Therefore, we hypothesised that there would exist a critical growth stage when distinctive phenotypic traits are exhibited to regulate yield formation and NUE. A field experiment and a hydroponic culture were conducted to characterise the differences in shoot and root physiological indicators of the high and low NUtE oilseed rape genotypes at seedling, bud, bolting, flowering and pod-filling stages. We found that flowering was the critical period when the reverse growth habit occurred between high and low NUtE genotypes. The high NUtE genotypes displayed larger values of root traits, stronger N uptake kinetics parameters, higher activity of leaf glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthetase (GOGAT), larger SPAD values and net photosynthetic rate, ultimately leading to higher seed yield and NUE. Our results indicate that flowering is the critical growth stage to distinguish the high from low NUtE oilseed rape genotypes, and plant breeders may focus on selecting root and shoot phenotypic traits from flowering stage onwards to achieve both high yields and NUE for oilseed rape genotypes.

Lutein-mediated photoprotection of photosynthetic machinery in Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to chronic low ultraviolet-B radiation.

Ecologically relevant low UV-B is reported to alter reactive oxygen species metabolism and anti-oxidative systems through an up-regulation of enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway. However, little is known about low UV-B-induced changes in carotenoid profile and their impacts on light harvesting and photoprotection of photosystem II (PSII) in plants. We investigated carotenoids profile, chlorophyll pigments, phenolics, photosynthetic efficiency and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) plants grown under photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), PAR+ ultraviolet (UV)-A and PAR+UV-A+B regimes for 10 days in order to assess plant acclimation to low UV-B radiation. A chlorophyll fluorescence assay was used to examine UV-B tolerance in plants further exposed to acute high UV-B for 4 and 6 h following a 10-day growth under different PAR and UV regimes. We found that both PAR+ UV-A and PAR+UV-A+B regimes had no negative effect on quantum efficiency, electron transport rate, rosette diameter, relative growth rate and shoot dry weight of plants. Chronic PAR+ UV-A regime considerably (P < 0.05) increased violaxanthin (26 %) and neoxanthin (92 %) content in plants. Plant exposure to chronic PAR+UV-A+B significantly (P < 0.05) increased violaxanthin (48 %), neoxanthin (63 %), lutein (33 %), 9-cis ß-carotene (28 %), total ß-carotene (29 %) and total phenolics (108 %). The maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) in leaves was found to be positively correlated with total phenolics (rho = 0.81 and rho = 0.91, P < 0.05 for 4 and 6 h, respectively) and non-photochemical quenching (qN) (rho = 0.81 and rho = 0.84, P < 0.05 for 4 and 6 h, respectively) in plants exposed to acute high UV-B for 4 and 6 h following a 10-day growth under chronic PAR+UV-A+B. There was also a significant positive correlation (rho = 0.93, P < 0.01) between qN and lutein content in the plants exposed to acute high UV-B stress for 4 h following plant exposure to chronic PAR+UV-A+B. The findings from our study indicate that plants grown under chronic PAR+UV-A+B displayed higher photoprotection of PSII against acute high UV-B stress than those grown under PAR and PAR+ UV-A regimes. An induction of phenolics and lutein-mediated development of qN were involved in the photoprotection of PSII against UV-B-induced oxidative stress.

Physiological Basis of Heterosis for Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Maize.

Efficient use of nitrogen inputs for concurrent improvements in grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has been recognized as a viable strategy for sustainable agriculture development. Yet, there is little research on the possible physiological basis of maize hybrid heterosis for NUE and measurable traits that are corresponding to the NUE heterosis. A field study was conducted for two years to evaluate the heterosis for NUE and determine the relationship between NUE and its physiological components. Two commercial hybrids, 'Xianyu335' and 'Zhengdan958', and their parental inbred lines, were grown at 0 (0 N) and 150 kg N ha-1 (150 N), in a randomized complete block design with four replications each year. Compared to their parental lines, both hybrids displayed a significant heterosis, up to 466%, for NUE. N internal efficiency (NIE) accounted for 52% of the variation in heterosis for NUE, while there was generally negligible heterosis for nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE). Heterosis for NIE and thereby for NUE in maize was ascribed to (i) an earlier establishment of pre-anthesis source for N accumulation, which phenotypically exhibited as a faster leaf appearance rate with higher maximum LAI and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency; (ii) a larger amount of N being remobilized from the vegetative tissues, especially from leaves, during the grain filling. Phenotypically, there was notably a rapid reduction in post-anthesis specific weights of leaf and stalk, but with maintained functionally stay-green ear leaves; and (iii) a higher productive efficiency per unit grain N, which was characterized by a reduced grain N concentration and enhanced sink strength.

A new criterion for the prediction of solid-state phase transition in TMDs.

The classical thermodynamic criterion for phase transition predicts whether the phase transition will occur according to whether the nth derivative of the state parameter is discontinuous, and the continuity verification of multi-order derivatives increases the difficulty and complexity of judgment for phase transition to a certain extent. Based on the reverse shifts of the DOS curves near the Fermi level, we propose a new criterion for solid-state phase transition named Conch Criterion, which has been verified in the TMD system. The new criterion can observe the occurrence of phase transition from another perspective besides the thermodynamic properties while mutually confirming the thermodynamic criterion.

Warm needling moxibustion versus electroacupuncture for simple obesity due to yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney: a controlled clinical trial / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective: To compare the therapeutic efficacy between warm needling moxibustion and electroacupuncture (EA) in the treatment of simple obesity due to yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney. Methods: Seventy patients with simple obesity due to yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney were randomly divided into a warm needling moxibustion group and an EA group, with 35 subjects in each group. Same major acupoints were selected for the two groups, including Shuifen (CV 9), Guanyuan (CV 4), Daheng (SP 15), Shuidao (ST 28), Shousanli (LI 10), Zusanli (ST 36), Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and Taixi (KI 3). The warm needling moxibustion group received warm needling moxibustion, while the EA group received EA treatment. The interventions were performed once every other day, with 15 treatments as one course. The therapeutic efficacy, body weight and body mass index (BMI) were then observed and compared. Results: The total effective rate in the warm needling moxibustion group was 85.7％ versus 77.1％ in the EA group, and the between-group difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The warm needling moxibustion was remarkably superior to the EA in weight loss and lowering BMI, both with statistical significance (P<0.05, P<0.01). At the three-month follow-up, the body weight and BMI further decreased in the warm needling moxibustion group (both P<0.05), and the levels were lower than those in the EA group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion: Warm needling moxibustion can produce reliable and consistent efficacy in the treatment of simple obesity due to yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney. Compared with EA, warm needling moxibustion shows advantage in both short-term and long-term efficacies, and thus is worth promotion in clinical practice.

Morphological and physiological responses of different wheat genotypes to chilling stress: a cue to explain yield loss.

BACKGROUND: The eco-physiological mechanism of wheat yield loss resulting from chilling stress is a fundamental scientific issue. However, previous studies have focused on hexaploid wheats, and few studies on the morphological and physiological plasticity of wheat plants. Six different wheat genotypes were tested under chilling stress to investigate the physio-morphological parameters as well as the loss of grain yield in growth chambers. RESULTS: Chilling stress resulted in significant loss in grain yield in all genotypes. Under chilling stress, diploid wheats generated zero harvest, and tetraploid genotypes also suffered from a pronounced loss in grain yield, compared with the control group. In contrast, hexaploid genotypes acquired relatively high maintenance rate of grain yield among three species. CONCLUSIONS: Diploid and tetraploid wheat genotypes maintained relatively large leaf area and high photosynthetic rates, but they were subjected to significant declines in vascular bundle number and productive tillers as a consequence of the inhibition by sink growth under chilling stress. The hexaploid wheats were found to have relatively low leaf area and photosynthetic rates. These genotypes also stored more soluble carbohydrates and exhibited stronger sink enhancement, ensuring the translocation and redistribution of assimilates. Our findings provided a new theoretical understanding of yield stabilization in the domestication process of wheat genotypes under chilling stress. © 2017 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Biomechanics study on implant-natural tooth supported fixed partial dentures / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: The stress distribution is different between implants and natural teeth, and the biomechanical characters of implant-natural tooth supported fixed partial dentures need to be explored.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the distributions of stress and strain on the implant interface and natural tooth ligaments by loading a vertical force to a single implant crown, natural tooth crown and a implant-natural tooth supported fixed partial denture.METHODS: Two male healthy Beagle dogs were selected, and their right mandibular first molars were exacted under general anesthesia. Three months later, a 3.3 mm×10 mm RN ITI implant was implanted into the defect region of each dog. The dogs were killed under anesthesia after another 3 months to remove the mandible. One dog was restored by a single implant and natural tooth crown, and the other was restored by the implant-natural tooth supported fixed partial dentures. The specimens were fixed to the load device after embedded with self caring acrylic resin, and the strain gauges were pasted to the cortical bone around the implant and natural tooth neck. The vertical force was loaded to the implant, natural tooth and fixed denture with 40, 60, 80,120, and 160 N.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: When the force was loaded to the implant of combined denture, the implant stress of combined denture was less than that of the single implant repair, and partial force was loaded on natural teeth; when the force was loaded to the natural tooth of combined denture, the stress to the natural tooth of combined denture was less than that of the single natural tooth repair. When the force was loaded to the natural tooth of combined denture, the stress was assumed by the whole prostheses. However, the stress was almost assumed by the implant when the force was loaded to the implant of combined denture. That is to say, it is feasible to use the implant-natural tooth supported fixed partial dentures.

A new method for assessing plant lodging and the impact of management options on lodging in canola crop production.

Lodging, defined as the permanent displacement of aboveground parts, is a common problem to cause yield loss, deterioration in seed quality and difficult to harvest in canola (Brassica napus L.) crop production. This study aimed to develop a method for assessing crop lodging, to examine how agronomic practices affected the relationships between root lodging and electrical capacitance traits. Canola plants were more susceptible to root lodging than stem lodging. The electrical measurements were more closely related with anchorage strength (Sp) than stem bending strength (Ss). Among the three electrical measurements, the root capacitance (C) displayed the most consistent and significant relationships with Sp in all three field experiments (R(2) = 0.88-0.56; P ≤ 0.01). This study indicates that the risk of lodging can be reduced by using appropriate management practices and variety selection. Enhancing root Sp was advocated as a priority over enhancing stem Ss in cultivar improvement. Electrical measurements, especially of root C, can be considered as a non-invasive technique that could partially replace the intrusive methods used for the in situ assessment of lodging resistance among various agronomic practices or can be applied in breeding programs for selecting genotypes with high yield potentials and strong Sp values.

TMPRSS4 promotes invasiveness of human gastric cancer cells through activation of NF-κB/MMP-9 signaling.

Transmembrane protease serine 4 (TMPRSS4) is a type-II transmembrane serine protease that is frequently upregulated in human cancers. However, little is known about the biological roles of TMPRSS4 in gastric cancer. In this study, we examined the effect of TMPRSS4 on gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were determined. The involvement of NF-κB/MMP-9 signaling was checked. Our data showed that TMPRSS4 silencing significantly (P<0.05) reduced the migration and invasion of AGS and MKN-45 gastric cancer cells, without affecting cell proliferation. Overexpression of TMPRSS4 significantly promoted cell migration and invasion. The expression and secretion of MMP-9 was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced in TMPRSS4-overexpressing cells. TMPRSS4-overexpressing cells had a significantly (P<0.05) lower level of IκBα and higher level of nuclear NF-κB. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that overexpression of TMPRSS4 resulted in a 3-5-fold increase in NF-κB-dependent luciferase activity. Downregulation of MMP-9 significantly (P<0.05) reversed the invasiveness of gastric cancer cells induced by TMPRSS4 overexpression. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB attenuated the invasion of TMPRSS4-overexpressing cells and the expression of MMP-9. Upregulation of TMPRSS4 enhances the invasiveness of gastric cancer cells, largely through activation of NF-κB and induction of MMP-9 expression. Our study provides the rationale for targeting TMPRSS4 in the treatment of gastric cancer.

Plant architecture, plasticity, and adaptation strategies of two oat genotypes under different competition intensities.

BACKGROUND: The hypothesis that positive and negative interactions account for adaptive strategies was tested in a controlled study with two oat (Avena sativa) genotypes: 'Manotick' with erect leaves and 'Oa1316-1' with prostrate leaves. An increasing competition pattern was designed by varying the number of seeds planted in each container and the space between containers, thus creating different planting density regimes (i.e. alternative and solid treatments). RESULTS: Total biomass of individual plants tended to decrease exponentially with increasing density in both genotypes. Under high density stress, Manotick allocated more biomass to the roots and produced 50% more tillers, leading to more non-productive tillers and lower harvest index in the alternative than in the solid treatment. In contrast, Oa1316-1 allocated more biomass to panicles and stems, and less to the roots, with fewer tillers. CONCLUSIONS: With increasing density and strengthening intraspecific competition, Manotick reduced aboveground biomass allocation, leading to lower yield, while Oa1316-1 decreased allocation to the roots, but increased allocation to the panicles under an increasingly competitive environment. These adjustments were mechanically derived from negative and positive interactions, ensuring greater yield in the prostrate type. Our findings provided a novel rationale for a planting strategy based on plant type selections.

[The Detection of Heavy Metals in Soil with Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy].

The elemental concentration of Cr contained in soil is measured with laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). As the LIBS laser power, the laser wavelength is of 1 064 nm with pulse width of 8 ns and laser repetition frequency of 10 Hz in this experiment and Cr 427.4 nm is selected as the analytical line of LIBS. The experimental results show that the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the detected content of Cr is 12.1% at the delay time of 4.78 µs and the soil sample surface 1 mm behind lens focal point. The limit of detection (LOD) of LIBS is 2.01 ppm. The measured relative deviation between the measured value and the nature value is 5.15%. Because the LIBS has advantages such as lower LOD and higher detection precision, LIBS has a guiding significance to detect heavy metal in soil and to monitor environmental quality precisely and rapidly.

Characterization of nitrogen and water status in oat leaves using optical sensing approach.

BACKGROUND: Optical sensing is a potential tool to estimate plant N status, but soil water deficits may interefere with forming a clear relationship. A greenhouse study was conducted with oat plants treated with three water regimes and four N levels to determine whether optical sensing could be used to estimate leaf N and relative water content (RWC). RESULTS: Leaf N was strongly correlated with reflectance at 550 nm and at around 705 nm, and N treatments caused a red-edge peak shift to lower wavelength. The ratio of the first derivative reflectance at 741-696 nm (FDRE) was identified to be a good estimator of leaf N at jointing (R(2) = 0.90) and heading (R(2) = 0.86) stages across water treatments. Leaf N also had a stronger association with the red-edge position (REP) at both stages (R(2) = 0.83 and 0.78), or with the ratio R4 (R760/R550) at jointing (R(2) = 0.88), than with chlorophyll meter (SPAD) readings. Under water stress, the predictive accuracy of leaf N increased with these reflectance indices, but decreased using SPAD readings. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that specific reflectance indices of FDRE, REP and R4 may be used for a rapid and non-destructive estimation of oat plant N status over a range of water regimes.

[Ancient clinical application of herb-participated moxibustion on umbilicus].

In order to further improve the curative effect of the herb-participated moxibustion on umbilicus, we collected a wide range of literature on herb-participated moxibustion on umbilicus and then systematically arranged them to analyze and summarize the technology and operating methods of herb-participated moxibustion on umbilicus. We also briefly discussed issues on application of medicine, locust tree skin and ginger, the method of kneading dough for medical uses, and the appropriate size of moxa cone and its using frequency in order to form clear concepts and standardized operations to provide theories and operational basis for the clinical application of modern herb-participated moxibustion on umbilicus.

Dryland wheat domestication changed the development of aboveground architecture for a well-structured canopy.

We examined three different-ploidy wheat species to elucidate the development of aboveground architecture and its domesticated mechanism under environment-controlled field conditions. Architecture parameters including leaf, stem, spike and canopy morphology were measured together with biomass allocation, leaf net photosynthetic rate and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE(i)). Canopy biomass density was decreased from diploid to tetraploid wheat, but increased to maximum in hexaploid wheat. Population yield in hexaploid wheat was higher than in diploid wheat, but the population fitness and individual competition ability was higher in diploid wheats. Plant architecture was modified from a compact type in diploid wheats to an incompact type in tetraploid wheats, and then to a more compact type of hexaploid wheats. Biomass accumulation, population yield, harvest index and the seed to leaf ratio increased from diploid to tetraploid and hexaploid, associated with heavier specific internode weight and greater canopy biomass density in hexaploid and tetraploid than in diploid wheat. Leaf photosynthetic rate and WUEi were decreased from diploid to tetraploid and increased from tetraploid to hexaploid due to more compact leaf type in hexaploid and diploid than in tetraploid. Grain yield formation and WUEi were closely associated with spatial stance of leaves and stems. We conclude that the ideotype of dryland wheats could be based on spatial reconstruction of leaf type and further exertion of leaf photosynthetic rate.