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Objective To investigate the effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on neuronal apoptosis during focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods One hundred eight male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 6-8 weeks,weighing 250-270 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =36 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),I/R group and H2S group.Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in anesthetized rats.A nylon thread with a rounded tip was inserted into the left internal carotid artery and advanced intracranially to block blood flow into the middle cerebral artery.Middle cerebral artery occlusion was maintained for 90 min followed by reperfusion.In group H2S,0.25％ NaSH (a donor of exogenous H2S) 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally at the onset of reperfusion.The equal volume of normal saline was given in C and I/R groups.At 1,3 and 7 days of reperfusion,neurological deficit was scored,and corner test was performed.Brains were removed for determination of myocardial infarct size,Bax-,Bcl-2-and caspase-3-positive cells,and cell apoptosis.The percentage of myocardial infarct size,rate of Bax-,Bcl-2-and caspase-3-positive cells and apoptosis rate were calculated.Results Compared with group C,the neurological deficit score was significantly decreased,and the corner score,percentage of myocardial infarct size,rate of Bax-,Bcl-2-and caspase-3-positive cells and apoptosis rate were increased at each time point of reperfusion in I/R and H2S groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group I/R,the neurological deficit score and Bcl-2-positive cells were significantly increased,and the corner score,percentage of myocardial infarct size,rate of Bax-and caspase-3-positive cells and apoptosis rate were decreased at each time point of reperfusion in group H2S (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which exogenous H2S attenuates focal cerebral I/R is related to inhibition of neuronal apoptosis in rats.
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Objective To evaluate the effects of intrathecal low-dose naloxone,morphine and fentanyl on the expression of motillin (MTL) in the hippocampus of rats with incisional pain.Methods Seventy-two healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-220 g,aged 6-8 weeks,in which intrathecal catheters were successfully implanted,were randomly divided into 6 groups (n =12 each) using a random number table:normal saline group (NS group),incisional pain group (P group),morphine + fentanyl + incisional pain group (MFP group),and naloxone (0.2,1.0 and 5.0 ng/kg) + morphine + fentanyl groups (MFPN1,MFPN2 and MFPN3 groups).Incisional pain was induced by an incision made into the plantar surface of the right hindpaw.At 20 min before induction of incisional pain,the mixture of morphine 5 μg/kg and fentanyl 0.25 mg/kg was injected intrathecally in group MFP,and the mixture of naloxone 0.2,1.0 and 5.0 ng/kg,morphine and fentanyl were injected intrathecally in MFPN1,MFPN2 and MF-PN3 groups,respectively.Six rats in each group were selected,and the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 24 h before intrathecal catheterization (T0,baseline),at 24 h before induction of incisional pain (T1),and at 1,3 and 6 h after operation (T2-4).The left 6 rats in each group were selected and sacrificed at 6 h after operation,and the hippocampi,body of the stomach and duodenum were removed for detection of MTL content by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results Compared with group NS,the MWT was significantly decreased,and the TWL was shortened at T2-4 in P and MFPN3 groups,the MWT was significantly decreased,and the TWL was shortened at T4 in group MFPN1,and the TWL was prolonged at T2 in group MFPN2,the MTL contents in hippocampus and body of the stomach were significantly decreased in P,MFP,MFPN1 and MF-PN3 groups,the MTL contents in duodenum were increased in P and MFPN3 groups,and the MTL contents in duodenum were decreased in MFP and MFPN1 groups (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group MFPN2 (P＞0.05).Conclusion Intrathecal naloxone 1.0 ng/kg combined with morphine and fentanyl can inhibit up-regulation of the expression of MTL in the hippocampus of rats with incisional pain,and then is involved in the maintenance of stable gastrointestinal motility.
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Objective To evaluate the changes in the levels of motilin in the duodenum in a rat model of incisional pain.Methods Eighty-four healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 6-8 months,weighing 180-220 g,were randomized into 2 groups (n =42 each) using a random number table:control group (group C) and incisional pain group (group P).The animals were anesthetized with sevoflurane.In group P,a 1 cm long incision was made in the plantar surface of right hindpaw.Six rats were chosen from each group and mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 24 h before operation (T0) and 1,6,24,48 and 72 h after operation (T1-5).Six rats were chosen from each group at T0-5 and sacrificed and the duodenal mucosal tissue was prepared for measurement of motilin levels by ELISA.Pearson linear correlate analysis was performed between the motilin level and pain threshold at each time point in group P.Results Compared with group C,MWT was significantly decreased,TWL was shortened,and motilin levels were significantly increased at T1-4,and no significant change was found at T0 and T5 in group P.The motilin levels were negatively correlated with MWT (r =-0.8 910) and TWL (r =-0.8 463) in group P.Conclusion Incisional pain can promote the secretion of motilin in the duodenum.
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Objective To investigate effects of intrathecal injection of morphine and fentanyl combined with low-dose naloxone on the pain behavior and the expression of blood motilin (MTL) in the rat model of incisional pain.Meth?ods A total of 72 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats (weight 180-220 g), successfully intrathecally catheterized, were ran?domly divided into 6 groups (n=12 ):normal saline group (NS group), incisional pain group (P group), morphine (5μg/kg)+fentanyl (0.25μg/kg) group (MFP group), morphine+fentanyl+naloxone (0.2 ng/kg, 1 ng/kg, 5 ng/kg) group (MFPN1, MF?PN2 and MFPN3 groups). All groups except NS group were made the model of incisional pain on the right plantar surface. At 24-hours before intrathecal cathetherization (T0), 24-hours before modelling (T1), 1-hours (T2), 3-hours (T3) , 6-hours (T4), 24-hours (T5) , 48-hours (T6) and 72-hours (T7) after modelling respectively, paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) and paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) were detected in right hind paw in 6 rats of each group. The other 6 rats in each group were sacrificed 6-hour after operation. The plasma expression of motilin was detected by ELISA. Re?sults Compared with NS group, the PWMT was not significantly different in all time points in MFPN2 group. The values of PWTL were significantly longer at T2 and T5 in MFPN2 group than those of NS group (P0.05).Conclusion In the rat model of incision?al pain, intrathecal injection of naloxone at 1 ng/kg can inhibit the down-regulation of blood motillin caused by morphine and fentanyl, and which can up-regulate the PWTL, enhancing the analgesic effects of opioids.
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Objective To investigate the changes in the levels of motilin in the gastric body in a rat model of incisional pain.Methods Eighty-four healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-220 g,were randomized into 2 groups (n =42 each):normal saline group (NS group) and incisional pain group (P group).In group P an 1 cm long incision was made in the plantar surface of right hindpaw under sevotlurane anesthesia.Six rats were chosen from each group and paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation (MWT) and paw withdrawal latency to nociceptive thermal stimulation (TWL) were measured at 24 h before operation (To) and 1,6,24,48 and 72 h after operation (T1-5).Six rats were chosen from each group at T0-5 and sacrificed and the gastric mucosal tissues were prepared for measurement of motilin levels by ELISA.Results Compared with group NS,MWT,TWL and motilin levels were significantly decreased at T1-4 (P ＜ 0.05) and no significant change was found at T0 and T5 in P group (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with the baseline value at To,MWT,TWL and motilin levels were significantly decreased at T1-4,and no significant change was found at T5 in group P (P ＞ 0.05).MWT,TWL and motilin levels were significantly higher at T3-T5 than at T1 in group P (P ＜ 0.05).MWT,TWL and motilin levels were increased gradually at T3-T5 in P group (P ＜ 0.05).The motilin levels were positively correlated with MWT and TWL (r =0.9597 and 0.9231,respectively,P ＜ 0.01) in group P.Conclusion The levels of motilin in the gastric body is significantly decreased in a rat model of incisional pain and the decreasing range is positively corre lated with the degree of incisional pain.
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Objective To evaluate the effects of intrathecal low-dose naloxone,morphine and fentanyl on the expression of motilin (MTL) in the spinal cord in rats with incisional pain.Methods Seventy-two healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-220 g,in which intrathecal catheters were successfully implanted,were randomly divided into 6 groups (n =12 each) using a random number table:normal saline group (NS group),morphine + fentanyl group (MF group),incisional pain group (P group),naloxone + incisional pain group (NP group),morphine + fentanyl + incisional pain group (MFP group),and morphine + fentanyl + naloxone +incisional pain group (MFNP group).Incisional pain was induced by an incision made into the plantar surface of the right hindpaw.At 20 min before induction of incisional pain,the mixture of morphine 5 μg/kg and fentanyl 0.25 μg/kg was injected intrathecally in MF,MFP and MFNP groups,and naloxone 1 ng/kg was given in NP and MFNP groups.Six rats from each group were randomly chosen,and paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation (PWMT) and paw withdrawal latency to thermal stimuli (PWTL) were measured before intrathecal catheterization (T0,baseline),at 24 h before induction of incisional pain (T1),and at 1,3 and 6 h after induction of incisional pain (T2-4).The left 6 rats from each group were chosen and sacrificed and the spinal cord were removed at 6 h after operation for detection of MTL content in the spinal cord,body of the stomach and duodeum tissues (by ELISA).Results Compared with the baseline value at T0,PWMT was significantly increased at T3,and PWTL was prolonged at T2-4 in MF group,PWMT was decreased and PWTL was shortened at T2-4 in P group and at T3,4 in NP group,PWMT was increased at T2,3 in MFP group,and PWMT was increased and PWTL was prolonged at T2 in MFNP group (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with NS group,MTL contents in spinal cord and body of the stomach were significantly decreased in MF and NP groups,MTL cortent in duodeum was decreased in group MF,while increased in group NP and MTL content in spinal cord was increased,and MTL content in body of the stomach was decreased in P and MFP groups,MTL content in duodeum was increased in group P,while decreased in group MFP(P ＜ 0.05),however,no significant change was found in MTL content in MFNP group (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Intrathecal low-dose naloxone combined with morphine and fentanyl can inhibit up-regulation of the expression of MTL in the spinal cord in rats with incisional pain and is involved in the maintenance of stable gastrointestinal motility.
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Objective To compare the efficacy of different doses of intrathecal administration of morphine and fentanyl before operation for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy.Methods Forty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients,aged 19-60 yr,undergoing abdominal hysterectomy under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia,were randomly divided into Ⅰ and Ⅱ groups (n =20 each).Morphine 0.5 mg+ fentanyl 15 μg and morphine 0.2 mg+ fentanyl 25 μg were injected intrathecally in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ respectively.VAS score ≤2was considered as effective analgesia.When VAS score≥ 3,morphine 0.05 mg/kg was given intravenously as rescue analgesic.The incidence of nausea and vomiting and pruritus was recorded after operation.Results Compared with group Ⅰ,no significant change was found in the percentage of patients requiring rescue morphine after operation (P ＞ 0.05),the incidence of nausea and vomiting and pruritus was significantly decreased after operation and the time when the patients passed the flatus was significantly shortened after operation in group Ⅱ (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Intrathecal administration of morphine 0.2 mg and fentanyl 25.μg before operation is safer and more helpful to recovery of gastrointestinal function than intrathecal administration of morphine 0.5 mg and fentanyl 15 μg before operation if they can provide the equivalent postoperative analgesia.
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Objective To investigate the effect of different target effect-site concentrations (Ces) ofremifentanil on the median effective concentration (EC50 ) of etomidate required for loss of consciousness and disappearance of nociceptive stimuli-induced body movement. Methods Eighty ASA Ⅰ orⅡ patients aged 18-64 yr scheduled for elective gynecological surgery under general anesthesia were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 20 each): group R0 received no remifentanil and R1-3 groups received remifentanil at 3 predetermined target Ces of 1,2 and 3 ng/ml respectively. At the beginning of anesthesia induction, remifentanil was given by target-controlled infusion (TCI) until the predetermined Ces were achieved, TCI of etomidate was then started at a target plasma concentration of 0.6 μg/ml and then the target plasma concentration of etomidate increased by 0.1 μg/ml every 1 min until the patients lost consciousness and the body movement induced by the nociceptive stimuli disappeared. The Ce of etomidate required for loss of consciousness and disappearance of nociceptive stimuli-induced body move-ment was recorded and the EC50 was calculated by Probit method. Results With the increase in the target Ces of remifentanil, the EC50 of etomidate required for loss of consciousness and disappearance of nociceptive stimuli-induced body movement decreased gradually (P < 0.05) .Conclusion Remifentanil given by TCI can enhance the sedative and analgesic effect of etomidate concentration-dependently.
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Objective To compare the severity of hepatic ischemidreperfusion(I/R)injury caused by partial hepatectomy performed under propofol-remifentanil and isoflurane-fentanyl anesthesia.Methods Thirty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 41-64 yr weighing 58-86 kg undergoing elective partial hepatectomy were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=15 each):propefol-remifentanil group(PR)and isoflurane-fentanyl group(IF).Anesthesia was induced with midazolam,fentanyl,etomidate and vecuronium.The patients were mechanically ventilated after tracheal intubation.Anesthesia was maintained with TCI of propofol(Cp=3.5μg/ml)and remifentanil(Cp=4.2 ng/ml)in group PR or 1.5%-2.5% isoflurane and intermittent iv boluses of fentanyl in group IF.Muscle relaxation was maintained with intermittent iv boluses of vecuronium in both groups.Blood samples were taken before occlusion of hepatic portal(T1)immediately(T2)and 30,60 min after release of portal occlusion(T3,4)and 1 d after operation(T5),for determination of sernm levels of ALT,AST,γ-GGT,LDH,TBIL,T-SOD and MDA.Specimens were obtained from the liver left intact after partial hepatectomy for ultrastructural examination with electron microscope.ResultsSerum levels of ALT at T5,γ-GGT at T3,4,and MDA at T4,5 were significandy lower while T-SOD at T5 were significantly higher in group PR than in group IF.Electron microscopic examination showed that tissue damages were significantly aRenuated in PR group as compared with IF group.Conclusion Propofol-remifentanil anesthesia can to some extent pmtect the liver against I/R injury during partial hepatectomy by reducing oxygen free radicals.
