Antibiotics from Extremophilic Micromycetes.

Extremophilic microorganisms, which are capable of functioning normally at extremely high or low temperatures, pressure, and in other environmental conditions, have been in the focus of microbiologists' attention for several decades due to the biotechnological potential of enzymes inherent in extremophiles. These enzymes (also called extremozymes) are used in the production of food and detergents and other industries. At the same time, the inhabitants of extreme econiches remained almost unexplored for a long time in terms of the chemistry of natural compounds. In recent years, the emergence of new antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens, which affect humans and animals has become a global problem. The problem is compounded by a strong slowdown in the development of new antibiotics. In search of new active substances and scaffolds for medical chemistry, researchers turn to unexplored natural sources. In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the number of studies on secondary metabolites produced by extremophiles. From the discovery of penicillin to the present day, micromycetes, along with actinobacteria, are one of the most productive sources of antibiotic compounds for medicine and agriculture. Many authors consider extremophilic micromycetes as a promising source of small molecules with an unusual mechanism of action or significant structural novelty. This review summarizes the latest (for 2018-2019) experimental data on antibiotic compounds, which are produced by extremophilic micromycetes with various types of adaptation. Active metabolites are classified by the type of structure and biosynthetic origin. The data on the biological activity of the isolated metabolites are summarized.

Effect of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Five-Year Survival of Patients Hospitalized Because of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on prognosis of patients hospitalized because of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data of the hospital register of ADHF which comprised information on 735 patients (254 [35%] with T2DM) consecutively admitted in 2010-2011. Median follow-up was 1790 days. RESULTS: The presence of T2DM was associated with increased risk of death: during the index hospitalization due to ADHF (hazard ratio [HR] 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-2.8), within 18 months (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.8), and within 5 years (HR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.5). CONCLUSIONS: T2DM is common among acute decompensated heart failure patients (up to 35% of cases). T2DM is an independent risk factor of death during the index hospitalization and over the next 18 months and 5 years.

[Effect of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Five­Year Survival of Patients Hospitalized Because of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on prognosis of patients hospitalized because of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data of the hospital register of ADHF which comprised information on 735 patients (254 [35%] with T2DM) consecutively admitted in 2010-2011. Median follow­up was 1790 days. RESULTS: The presence of T2DM was associated with increased risk of death: during the index hospitalization due to ADHF (hazard ratio [HR] 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-2.8), within 18 months (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.8), and within 5 years (HR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.5). CONCLUSIONS: T2DM is common among acute decompensated heart failure patients (up to 35% of cases). T2DM is an independent risk factor of death during the index hospitalization and over the next 18 months and 5 years.

[Antimicrobial Activity of Substances Produced by Trichoderma citrinoviride Strain VKPM F-1228: Optimization of Cultivation and Assessment of Spectrum of Individual Peptaibols].

The Trichoderma citrinoviride VKPM F-1228 strain produces a complex of peptide-based antibiotics with antibacterial and antimycotic action. Synthesis of peptaibols is closely related to the conidiogenesis in the culture. The optimal procedure of the strain cultivation for production of peptaibols is stationary growing for 14 days at a temperature of 28 degrees C and pH 7.5 followed by formation of a dense mycelium film on the modified Saburo medium containing 30 gr/l of glucose and 12.5 gr/l of peptone. Eight individual peptaibols were extracted. The spectrum of their activity was estimated with the use of opportunistic bacteria and micromycetes as well as pathogenic clinical aspergilli. Compounds 9, 13, 14, 15 and 16 were shown active against opportunistic fungi and bacteria including methicillin resistant S. aureus, whereas compounds 9, 13 and 14 in addition showed antimycotic activity against clinical aspergilli.