Simultaneous multisegmental and multifocal corrections of complex lower limb deformities with a hexapod external fixator.

INTRODUCTION: External fixators are a part of the therapeutic arsenal used in the correction of complex pediatric lower limb deformities. These long iterative procedures, which are commonly performed over several months, strongly impact the lives of these children and their families. To reduce these drawbacks, we perform, whenever possible, a simultaneous multisegmental and/or multifocal correction of these deformities. HYPOTHESIS: Simultaneous multilevel correction of complex pediatric deformities using external fixators does not result in more complications than sequential corrections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients were treated with this hexapod external fixator correction procedure. The mean age was 13.9 years. The corrections involved 12 femurs and 20 tibias, representing 53 osteotomies on 23 limbs. The quality of the correction was assessed by measuring the mechanical axis deviation (MAD), residual limb length discrepancy (RLLD) and a new, specifically defined, criterion called the "angular healing index" (AHI). Complications were assessed according to Lascombes' classification. RESULTS: The mean MAD went from 30 to 13.5 mm (P<.05) and the mean RLLD from 33.2 to 6.9 mm (P<.05). The mean AHI was 74.1 days/cm (16.7 to 319). The overall complication rate was 13/23 operated limbs or 56.5% (4.3% grade 1, 43.3% grade 2, 9.3% grade 3, and no grade 4). DISCUSSION: One-stage multilevel corrections of complex pediatric lower limb deformities represent a difficult technical challenge, and any reduction in treatment time must not adversely impact the quality of the results. The rate and severity of complications compared to monofocal/segmental procedures were no higher than that reported in the literature. This study demonstrated the feasibility of multisegmental and multifocal corrections, which reduced the total treatment duration compared to successive corrections, without adversely affecting the result or increasing the complication rate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV; retrospective study.

Does a combined screw and dowel construct improve tibial fixation during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction?

PURPOSE: The aims of the present study were to compare the biomechanical properties of tibial fixation in hamstring-graft ACL reconstruction using interference screw and a novel combination interference screw and dowel construct. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We compared the fixation of 30 (2- and 4-stranded gracilis and semitendinosis tendons) in 15 fresh-frozen porcine tibiae with a biocomposite resorbable interference screw (Group 1) and a screw and dowel construct (Group 2). Each graft was subjected to load-to-failure testing (50 mm/min) to determine maximum load, displacement at failure and pullout strength. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the biomechanical properties of the constructs. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that combination constructs (ß = 140.20, p = 0.043), screw diameter (ß = 185, p = 0.006) and 4-strand grafts (ß = 51, p = 0.050) were associated with a significant increase in load at failure. Larger screw diameter was associated with increased construct stiffness (ß = 20.15, p = 0.020). CONCLUSION: The screw and dowel construct led to significantly increased fixation properties compared to interference screws alone in a porcine model. Increased screw diameter and utilization of 4-strand ACL grafts also led to improvement in load-to-failure of the construct. However, this is an in vitro study and additional investigations are needed to determine whether the results are reproducible in vivo. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V; Biomechanical study.

A 12-year follow-up of intestinal schistosomiasis in pre-school-aged children in Assoni Village, Eastern Senegal.

BACKGROUND: To monitor the prevalence of schistosomiasis in school-aged children (SAC), the National Bilharzia Control Program (PNLB) was set up by the Senegalese authorities; however, geographically isolated Bedik ethnic groups that did not benefit from this program were found to be heavily infected with Schistosoma mansoni. This observation led us to implement a new schistosomiasis control program in 2008 under the aegis of the non-governmental organization "Le Kaïcedrat" and in partnership with the PNLB/WHO to monitor the prevalence of schistosomiasis in this area. In the village of Assoni, where 100% of SAC were infected, analysis of the stools of pre-school-aged children (PSAC) showed that they were massively infected, so we decided to focus our program on them. METHODS: From 2008 to 2020, we (i) monitored the prevalence of S. mansoni in PSAC in Assoni using double-stool smear preparation, (ii) treated the infected PSAC with a standard dose of praziquantel 40 mg/kg, (iii) ran educational campaigns each year in the village, and (iv) built latrines to improve sanitation and reduce schistosomiasis transmission. Linear regression was used to examine the trend in the annual schistosomiasis prevalence and a two-sided of Chi-squared test was used to compare prevalence between the different age groups of PSAC. RESULTS: We observed an extremely high prevalence of schistosomiasis (78%) in PSAC before implementation of the program in 2008. Contamination occurred in very young children, as 64.3% of children under 2 years old were infected. Moreover, prevalence increased with age and reached 96.8% in children 4 to < 6 years old. Our annual interventions in Assoni Village raised awareness among villagers that water bodies were areas of significant infestation, allowed the building of 88 latrines and led to a decrease in prevalence in PSAC as only 11% of these children were infected in 2020. CONCLUSION: Our study allowed Assoni to be the first village in Senegal to treat PSAC since 2014, but only on an individual basis. It also shows that schistosomiasis is difficult to eradicate and that multi-sectorial actions are required to keep its prevalence at a low level.

Prognostic factors for intramedullary nailing in radial neck fracture in children.

INTRODUCTION: Radial fracture accounts for 1% of fractures in children. It is potentially serious, and treatment is controversial. Several studies assessed prognostic factors, only one of which used exclusive intramedullary nailing, despite this being the gold standard. HYPOTHESIS: Open surgery provides poor functional results in radial neck fracture. MATERIAL AND METHOD: All patients undergoing reduction and internal fixation of radial neck fracture between 2005 and 2015 were analysed. Inclusion criteria comprised Jeffery type 1 fracture with open growth plate, complete file, and ≥1 year's follow-up. Treatment systematically comprised Métaizeau intramedullary nailing, with crossover to open reduction only in case of failure. Good results were defined as full range of motion and pain-free elbow. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients were included: 33 girls, 23 boys; mean age, 9 years. On the Judet classification modified by Métaizeau, 4 fractures were grade 2, 29 grade 3, 15 grade 4A and 8 grade 4B. Closed reduction was performed in 48 cases, including 8 with the help of percutaneous leverage effect. Eight required a surgical approach. Twenty-three showed postoperative reduction defect. At a mean 74 months' follow-up, at a mean age of 15 years, 37 patients had reached full skeletal maturity. Sixteen had poor results. Open reduction was associated with poor outcome (p<0.01). Age, initial epiphyseal tilt, associated lesions, immobilisation time, time to nail removal and residual tilt after reduction did not significantly affect outcome (p-values>0.05). Percutaneous leverage effect had no impact on the quality of results (p=1). DISCUSSION: Open reduction is to be avoided in radial neck fracture. A prospective study is needed to assess remodelling potential according to age. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, retrospective study.

Intra-medullary osteosclerosis of the tibia in children.

BACKGROUND: Intra-medullary osteosclerosis of the tibia is a rare condition characterised by chronic pain due to diaphyseal hyperostosis with no detectable triggering factor. The main differential diagnoses are stress fracture and osteoid osteoma. Of the few cases reported to date, most were in adults. The objective of this study was to assess paediatric patients with intra-medullary osteosclerosis to determine whether the first visit provides sufficient information to establish the diagnosis and rule out both osteoid osteoma and stress fracture, whether a biopsy is required, and which treatment is optimal. HYPOTHESIS: The diagnosis of intra-medullary osteosclerosis of the tibia can be made at the first visit. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seven paediatric patients, 4 males and 3 females, with a mean age of 11 years, were included in this retrospective study. We evaluated the clinical features, findings from imaging studies (standard radiographs, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and bone scintigraphy), and treatment outcomes. RESULTS: At the first visit, all patients had a painful swelling at the middle of the shin and imaging study evidence of antero-lateral tibial cortical thickening extending into the medullary cavity; in 5 patients, a linear lucency was visible. No other bone abnormalities were seen. Treatments included non-operative measures, pinning, and nailing. None of these treatments provided permanent bone healing or pain relief, although transitory freedom from pain with or without radiological bone healing was achieved. DISCUSSION: Intra-medullary osteosclerosis of the tibia is rarely reported and therefore probably underdiagnosed. Distinctive characteristics of the cortical and endosteal thickening include location at the antero-lateral mid-diaphysis and, in some cases, the concomitant presence of a linear lucency that can provide the early diagnosis. The distinctive radiological features allow differentiation from a stress fracture. The management is challenging. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, retrospective observational study.

Is the Clavicula Pro Humero Technique of Value for Reconstruction After Resection of the Proximal Humerus in Children?

BACKGROUND: There are several options for reconstruction of proximal humerus resections after wide resection for malignant tumors in children. The clavicula pro humero technique is a biologic option that has been used in the past, but there are only scant case reports and small series that comment on the results of the procedure. Because the longevity of children mandates a reconstruction with potential longevity not likely to be achieved by other techniques, the clavicula pro humero technique may be a potential option in selected patients. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) How successful is the clavicula pro humero procedure in achieving local tumor control? (2) What is the frequency of nonunion? (3) What are the complications of the procedure? (4) What scores do patients achieve (on the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) and the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS) after this procedure? METHODS: Four university hospitals performed the clavicula pro humero technique in eight children aged 8 to 18 years between June 2006 and February 2014. During that period, general indications for this approach included all reconstructions of the proximal humerus for malignant tumors in children older than 8 years. All patients were followed for a mean of 40 months (range, 25-86 months); one patient was lost to followup before 2 years. The tumor resections removed the rotator cuff muscles in all patients, glenohumeral joint in five, and deltoid muscle in three. The median length of the bone defect after resection was 20 cm (range, 7-25 cm). It was reduced to 9 cm (range, 0-17 cm) or 27% (range, 0%-64%) of the total humerus length after clavicular rotation. Direct osteosynthesis (one patient), induced membrane technique (one patient), or vascularized fibular autograft (six patients) was used to complete the defect after rotation of the clavicle if necessary. Presence of union (defined as bone healing before 10 months, as assessed by disappearance of the osteotomy on AP and lateral view radiographs), and complications were determined by chart review performed by a surgeon not involved in patient care. Function assessed by the MSTS and the TESS scores were determined by the patients with their families. RESULTS: None of the patients had tumor recurrence. One patient died of pulmonary metastases before the 2-year followup. Proximal and distal bone unions were achieved before 10 months without an additional surgical procedure in two and six of seven patients, respectively. Fourteen local complications occurred resulting in nine revision operations. The main complication was aseptic proximal pseudarthrosis (five patients); other complications included one proximal junction fracture, one clavicle fracture complicated by clavicle osteolysis, one distal junction fracture, one necrosis of the skin paddle of the fibular autograft, one glenoclavicular ossification, and one distal pseudarthrosis complicated by a fracture of this distal junction. Function, as assessed by the MSTS score, was a median of 23 of 30 (range, 11-27). The median TESS score was 82% (range, 75%-92%). Shoulder ROM (median; range) in abduction, front elevation, and external and internal rotations were 70°(30°-90°), 75°(30°-85°), 10°(0°-20°), and 80°(80°-100°), respectively. Three of the seven patients reported dissatisfaction with the cosmetic appearance. CONCLUSIONS: The clavicula pro humero technique achieved oncologic local control after resection and reconstruction of proximal humerus tumors in children. Although union times are approximately 2 years and some patients underwent augmentation with other grafts, it eventually provides a solid, painless, biologic, and stable reconstruction and creates a mobile acromioclavicular joint and generally good function. Nonunion of the proximal junction is the main complication of this technique. We cannot directly compare this technique with other reconstruction options, and longer followup is needed, but this may be a useful reconstruction option to consider in select pediatric patients with sarcomas of the proximal humerus. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic study.

Residual bone growth after lengthening procedures.

The prognosis of limb length discrepancy is a major subject in paediatric orthopaedic surgery. The strategy depends on the prognosis and must be adapted to each patient. The residual growth of the lengthened segment often remains unknown, but is dependent on age, the percentage of lengthening and other factors. Using a large cohort of 150 children who had undergone bone lengthening procedures, we describe five patterns of post-intervention growth and identify factors that are favourable for normal residual growth. The criteria for bone lengthening which should maintain good residual growth are-bone age at lengthening should be before the pubertal growth spurt; the interval between two lengthening procedures should be over three years; the percentage of lengthening should be <30% of the initial segment; and no more than two lengthening procedures should be carried out during infancy.

Schistosomiasis Sustained Control Program in Ethnic Groups Around Ninefescha (Eastern Senegal).

Schistosomiasis is the second most significant parasitic disease in children in several African countries. For this purpose, the "Programme National de Lutte contre les Bilharzioses" (PNLB) was developed in partnership with the World Health Organization (WHO) to control this disease in Senegal. However, geographic isolation of Bedik ethnic groups challenged implementation of the key elements of the schistosomiasis program in eastern Senegal, and therefore, a hospital was established in Ninefescha to improve access to health care as well as laboratory support for this population. The program we have implemented from 2008 in partnership with the PNLB/WHO involved campaigns to 1) evaluate schistosomiasis prevalence in children of 53 villages around Ninefescha hospital, 2) perform a mass drug administration following the protocol established by the PNLB in school-aged children, 3) monitor annual prevalence, 4) implement health education campaigns, and 5) oversee the building of latrines. This campaign led to a drop in schistosomiasis prevalence but highlighted that sustainable schistosomiasis control by praziquantel treatment, awareness of the use of latrines, and inhabitants' voluntary commitment to the program are crucial to improve Schistosoma elimination. Moreover, this study revealed that preschool-aged children, for whom praziquantel was not recommended until 2014 in Senegal, constituted a significant reservoir for the parasite.

Gradual Metatarsal Lengthening by External Fixation: A New Classification of Complications and a Stable Technique to Minimize Severe Complications.

BACKGROUND: The surgical management of brachymetatarsia remains controversial, and choice is based on potential complications. We report a classification of complications based on severity, and we hypothesized that use of a semicircular external fixator would minimize severe complications in lateral metatarsal lengthening. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 30 patients (10 to 46 years old) with single or multiple brachymetatarsia and performed 54 metatarsal lengthenings with a mean follow-up of 7 months. RESULTS: The mean gain in length was 15 mm (33.7%), and the mean healing index was 67 d/cm. No further procedure was performed. No dislocations or subluxations were reported, but 26 complications (48.1%) occurred, classified as 1 severe (1.8% of the metatarsals), 5 intermediate (9.3%), and 20 benign (37%): 4 incomplete osteotomies, 8 adjacent metatarsal osteotomies, 2 involuntary adjacent metatarsal fixations due to the lack of fluoroscopy use, 6 early consolidations, 2 metatarsal fractures, 2 skin complications, 1 superficial infection, and 1 metatarsophalangeal clinodactyly. CONCLUSION: A classification of complications based on severity was developed. Gradual lengthening of the lateral metatarsals by semicircular external fixation reduced the risk of severe complications because of stability without donor site morbidity. Thin wires were an advantage in the pediatric population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.

Sewage sludge or cattle slurry as pasture fertilisers: comparative cysticercosis and trichostrongylosis risk for grazing cattle.

Sewage sludge and slurry are used as fertilisers on pastures grazed by ruminants. The former may be a source of Taenia saginata, which causes cysticercosis in cattle and taeniosis in man. The latter is a source of digestive tract-strongyles, a major helminth infection in cattle. The interest of application on pastures of these two biowastes is environmental (optimal recycling of biowastes) and agronomic (fertilisation). The parasitic risk and the fertilisation value of such applications on pastures were evaluated during one grazing season. Liquid sewage sludge did induce higher herbage biomass, which corresponded to higher liveweight gains during the first 2 months of grazing, compared to slurry spread pastures and calves grazing them. The sludge group of calves did not acquire live cysticerci and thus the risk was nil under the conditions of the study (delay of 6 weeks between application and grazing). The slurry group of calves did become lightly infected with digestive-tract strongyles, mostly Ostertagia ostertagi. Under the conditions of this experiment, a 6-week delay between application and grazing strongly reduced the risk of infection: it renders compatible the agronomic use and requirements of public or animal health.

Influence of chronic hypoxemia on peripheral muscle function and oxidative stress in humans.

Transient re-oxygenation of humans suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) allows the assessment of the consequences of chronic hypoxemia on peripheral muscle and metabolism apart from the effects of de-conditioning. The subjects performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) of flexor digitorum and vastus lateralis muscles and sustained infra-maximal contractions. COPD patients repeated the whole challenge during a 50-min oxygen breathing period and after recovery to baseline hypoxemia. We measured the compound evoked muscle mass action potential (M-wave) and the medium frequency (MF) of surface electromyography (EMG) power spectrum. Blood lactate (LA) and potassium (K+), erythrocyte-reduced glutathione (GSH), and plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were also measured. Compared with a control group, COPD patients had lower MVCs, an attenuated decrease in MF during exercise, lower resting level of GSH, no posthandgrip TBARS increase and no GSH consumption. Reoxygenation (1) increased MVCs, (2) accentuated the MF decline and (3) elicited a posthandgrip TBARS increase and GSH consumption. Thus, we conclude that chronic hypoxemia exerts specific muscular effects: a reduced force production, an attenuated 'muscle wisdom', and the suppression of the exercise oxidative stress.

[The burnout syndrome of the caregiver]. / Le syndrome d'épuisement professionnel du soignant.

SLAVES TO THEIR WORK: The Anglo-Saxons were the first to evoke the "burn out syndrome" although the Canadians prefer to use "burning" in order to emphasize these situations in which the person is as it were literally "consumed by his/her work". The burn-out syndrome more specifically involves all those who have chosen to devote their lives to others. This is the case notably with health care workers because they are in direct contact with suffering, poverty, hardship, disease and death. THE ENHANCING FACTORS: There is no particular pre-morbid personality. Nevertheless, various factors can be at the origin of a burn out syndrome: subconscious motivations in the choice of the profession, capacity to adapt to hardship at work, excessive idealization of the profession, lack of recognition and the absence of any possibility of promotion. INSTALLATION IN 4 STAGES: The onset of an occupational burn out syndrome is usually insidious. Schematically, the first stage is idealistic enthusiasm. Then a helpless stagnation period follows with progressive disinterest, followed by a phase of frustration, before the onset of an apathetic disenchantment with search for a form of security. VARIOUS POINTS IN COMMON WITH DEPRESSION: A range of effects exist: sleep and digestive disorders, reduced performance, progressive feeling of exhaustion with impact on friends and relatives, irritability towards others, absence of dialogue, and a feeling of "emptiness". THREE ELEMENTS TO THERAPEUTIC POSSIBILITIES: The first consists in improving work conditions by changing the environment; the second consists in improving communications and enhancing the end to isolation and the third consists in changing the employee's private life. Such as reorganizing the person's life so that they can disconnect and develop other interest than through their work.

[The problematics of depression]. / Problématiques de la dépression.

Doubt, one of the fundamental symptoms of depression. Patients frequently believe they're incurable. They are persuaded that nothing can be done for them. Most of the time, when they are told, they do not accept that they are going through a crisis, a critical period in life. The ever repeated question is: "What's the use?" Which shows to what extent the person is depressed and disillusioned. For them there is nothing that can be of any use. A frequent problem. The Yearly prevalence of phases of major depression in the general population in France is of around 10% and throughout life of more than 10% in men and 20% in women. In France the estimation is that more than one out of 7 inhabitants is depressed. The role of the general practitioner. The physician must help those who surround the depressed patient, but it is often necessary that the practitioner refer to a consulting specialist who will specify what type of depression the patient is suffering from, eventually make an assessment (using specific scales) of the intensity of the episode, and indicate which type of antidepressor is best adapted, the side effects that should be monitored, the associations to be avoided, and any control biological assays to be foreseen. The role of the specialist. In parallel, the specialist will schedule a psychotherapy, either maintenance or more structured (in such a way that the patients, if they wish, can work on the mechanisms that provoked the depression and hence protect themselves against any eventual relapse). The interest of co-therapies. It can be interesting that the general practitioners and specialists collaborate in the necessity for hospitalisation or not (with patient's consent or not), monitoring of a suicide risk, or the need to change treatment. The sharing of the tasks is always very positive for the patients. The patients, as those who surround them, are reassured by the fact that the family doctor and a specialist are collaborating in order to optimise treatment as rapidly as possible. The organisation of such co-therapies requires that the general practitioner also have good knowledge of the various types of psychotherapy available for the patient.