RESUMO
Organotin compounds (OTs) are synthetic persistent organometallic xenobiotics widely used in several commercial applications. They exert well-described harmful effects in brain, liver, adipose tissue, and reproductive organs, as they are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), but the effects in the kidneys are less known. The kidneys are especially vulnerable to environmental contaminants because they are a metabolizing site of xenobiotics, therefore, pollutants can accumulate in renal tissue, leading to impaired renal function and to several renal abnormalities. Individuals chronically exposed to OTs present a threefold increase in the prevalence of kidney stones. These compounds can directly inhibit H+/K+-ATPase in renal intercalated cells, resulting in hypokalemia, renal tubular acidity, and increased urinary pH, which is a known risk factor for kidney stones formation. OTs effects are not only limited to induce nephrolithiasis, its nephrotoxicity is also due to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). This increase leads to lipid peroxidation, abnormal cellular function, and cell death. Combined, the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems become deficient and there is a consequent uncontrolled generation of ROS that culminates in renal tissue damage. Still, few epidemiological and experimental studies have reported renal impact correlated to OTs exposure. This lack of investigation of the complete effect of OTs in renal function and structure led us to perform this review reporting the main researches about this subject.
RESUMO
In the history of medicine, only recently has obesity been recognized as a disease. We know now that it is a pandemic condition, partly explained by the so-called Western lifestyle and related to multiple other comorbidities in various systems. This lyfestyle includes eating large portions, rich in saturated fats and refined sugar, all coupled with sedentary habits. In recent years, the gut microbiota has been indited as a new culprit in pathophysiological aspects involved in obesity. From studies with animals free of bacteria in the digestive tract, known as "germ-free animals", the relevance of intestinal microbiota in the regulation of body fat became evident and its importance has also been extended to the pathophysiology of diseases such as diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. Characterization of Toll-like receptors led to the discovery of mechanisms that link the immune system with some metabolic pathways and opened new avenues of a previously unknown world to biological sciences. Increased knowledge about interactions between gut microbiota and the host can certainly reveal, in a not too distant future, new therapeutic perspectives for obesity and its related diseases.
Na história da medicina apenas recentemente a obesidade foi reconhecida como uma doença. Sabemos agora que é uma doença pandêmica, explicada em parte pelo chamado estilo de vida ocidental e relacionado a múltiplas outras comorbidades em vários sistemas. O referido estilo de vida inclui comer grandes porções, ricas em gorduras saturadas e açúcares refinados, e hábitos sedentários. Nos últimos anos, a microbiota intestinal foi associada aos aspectos fisiopatológicos envolvidos na obesidade. De estudos com animais livres de bactérias no trato digestivo, conhecidos como "animais sem germes", a relevância da microbiota intestinal na regulação da gordura corporal tornou-se evidente e sua importância também se estendeu à fisiopatologia de doenças como diabetes mellitus e doença cardíaca coronária. A caracterização dos receptores "Toll-like" levou à descoberta de mecanismos que ligam o sistema imunológico a algumas vias metabólicas e abriram novas avenidas de um mundo anteriormente desconhecido para as ciências biológicas. O aumento do conhecimento sobre as interações entre a microbiota intestinal e o hospedeiro certamente pode revelar, em um futuro não muito distante, novas perspectivas terapêuticas para a obesidade e suas doenças relacionadas.
