Centella asiatica water extract inhibits iPLA2 and cPLA2 activities in rat cerebellum.

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb an is distributed widely in South America and Asia and is known as a therapeutic agent in folk medicine, capable of improving memory and treating several neurological disorders. Asiaticoside is one of the compounds found in C. asiatica leaves that is suggested to be responsible for its pharmacological potential. Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) is a group of enzymes that has abnormal activity in the central nervous system in some neuropsychiatric diseases. In this work, the asiaticoside present in C. asiatica water extract was quantified by HPLC analysis. We also evaluated the activity of subtypes of PLA(2) in cerebellar samples from rats after C. asiatica water extract treatment using a radioenzymatic assay. Asiaticoside was the major compound (84%) found in Centella water extract. We found a dose-dependent inhibitory effect of C. asiatica water extract on the activity of Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2) (iPLA(2)) and cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)). The inhibition of these enzymes in the brain suggests that C. asiatica may be useful to treat conditions associated with increased PLA(2) activity in the brain, such as epilepsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

Platelet phospholipase A(2) activity in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment.

Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) controls the metabolism of phospholipids in cell membranes. In the brain, PLA(2) influences the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and thus the production of the amyloid-beta peptides (Abeta), which are the major components of the senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reduced PLA(2) activity has been reported in brain and in platelets of AD patients. In the present study we investigated PLA(2) activity in platelets from 21 AD patients as compared to 17 healthy elderly controls and 11 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Subjects were cognitively assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the CAMDEX schedule. Platelet PLA(2) activity was determined by radio-enzymatic assay, which mainly detected a calcium-independent form of the enzyme present also in the brain (iPLA(2)). PLA(2) activity was significantly lower in AD than in controls (p < 0.001). Mean PLA(2) activity in MCI individuals was between the values of AD patients and controls, with a subgroup showing PLA as low as the lowest AD patients, but the differences from MCI were not significant from AD and control groups. Lower PLA(2) activity was significantly correlated with a worse cognitive performance both at the MMSE (p = 0.001) and the cognitive sub-scale of the CAMDEX inventory (p = 0.002). Our data replicate previous findings of reduced platelet PLA(2) activity in AD. Both reduced PLA(2) activity and the correlation with impaired cognition were also reported in brain tissue of AD patients, suggesting thus that the present determinations in platelets may be related to a reduction in the brain. In the brain the inhibition of PLA(2) inhibits the physiological secretion of the APP, a mechanism that increases Abeta formation. Further longitudinal studies should investigate whether those MCI individuals with the lowest PLA(2) values in platelets would be at a higher risk to develop AD during a longitudinal follow up.

Validated high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of lamotrigine in human plasma.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for lamotrigine was developed and validated. Lamotrigine (LTG) and an internal standard were extracted from plasma using liquid-liquid extraction under alkaline conditions into an organic solvent. The method was linear in the range 0.78-46.95 micromol/l, with a mean coefficient of correlation (r)> or =0.99923. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.19 and 0.58 micromol/l, respectively. Within- and between-run precision studies demonstrated C.V.<3% at all tested concentrations. LTG median recovery was 86.14%. Antiepileptic drugs tested did not interfere with the assay. The method showed to be appropriate for monitoring LTG in plasma samples.

Incidência de parasitoses em escolares da Escola Municipal de Educaçäo Infantil "Sant'Ana Itatiaia", Juiz de Fora-MG e sua possível correlaçäo com a qualidade da água para consumo / Parasitosis incidence in children from EMEI \"Sant'Ana Itatiaia\", Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil and possible relationship with the presence of the parasites in source of water

SÄo apresentados os resultados de 23 exames parasitológicos de fezes coletadas com conservador MIF e analisadas pelo método preconizado por Hoffman, Pons & Janer no Laboratório de Saúde Pública/FFB/UFJF e, de 9 análises bacteriológicas da água consumida na residência de 7 escolares da EMEI "Sant'Ana Itatiaia" - Juiz de Fora - MG, segundo a metodologia empregada no Laboratório de Análise de Alimentos e Saneamento de Aguas/FFB/UFJF. O estudo foi desenvolvido nos meses de Agosto a Outubro de 1994 em escolares com idade entre 4 e 6 anos e de ambos os sexos. A percentagem das amostras de fezes positivas foi de 56,52 porcento e a de negativas de 43,48 porcento. A etiologia das enteroparasitoses de maior incidência na populaçäo estudada foi: Entamoeba coli (38,89 porcento), Ascaris lumbricoides (27,78 porcento), Trichuris trichiura (11,11 porcento), Giardia lamblia (11,11 porcento) e Entamoeba histolytica (11,11 porcento). Das amostras analisadas, 17,39 porcento revelaram a presença de mais de um parasita. Apesar de näo ter sido possível correlacionar a etiologia das enteroparasitoses com uma provável veiculaçäo hídrica das mesmas, verificou-se que 61,11 porcento das amostras de fezes examinadas revelaram a presença de protozoários e, ainda, que 60 porcento das amostras de água oriundas de outras fontes que näo o abastecimento público, foram consideradas impróprias para o consumo como bebida. Tais dados reforçam a necessidade de medidas administrativas eficientes para a implantaçäo e melhoria do saneamento básico, pois näo existe saúde sem infra-estrutura sanitária