Intentions and Behavioural Determinants in the Face of COvID-19 Pandemic: A Theory of Planned Behaviour and Risk Perception Model / Intenciones y determinantes del comportamiento ante la pandemia de COvID-19: un modelo de teoría del comportamiento planificado y percepción del riesgo / Intenções e determinantes do comportamento diante da pandemia de COvID-19: um modelo teórico de comportamento planejado e percepção de risco

The containment of COVID-19 implied challenges for governments and health authorities to motivate citizens to adopt several prevention behaviours (i.e., wearing a face mask and washing hands frequently). This paper aims to identify the factors that encourage people to adopt these behaviours. Our analysis was conducted over data collected by ASCOfAPSI and the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona about attitudes and beliefs related to the pandemic from 919 people from Colombia. The data was collected using an online snowball sampling between May and June 2020. We found that each prevention behaviour is motivated by a different set of factors. Specifically, based on the theory of planned behaviour, our results suggest that the intention to adopt a preventive behaviour is pre- dicted by a group of variables about subjective norms and attitudes as independent variables and another one linked to perceived control as mediator variables. This suggests that the motivation for prevention behaviours from authorities should be particular to each behaviour and consider the associated particular pattern of motivations and the sociodemographic characteristics and possibilities of action.

La contención del COVID-19 implica desafíos para los gobiernos y las autoridades de salud pública, a fin de motivar a los ciudadanos a que adopten las conductas de prevención (i.e., usar tapabocas, lavarse las manos frecuentemente). El propósito de este artículo es identificar los factores que motivan a las personas a adoptar tales conductas. Nuestro análisis se realizó con datos recolectados por ASCOfAPSI y la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona sobre actitudes y creencias acerca de la pandemia de 919 personas de Colombia. Con este análisis encontramos que cada clase de conducta de prevención está motivada por un conjunto de factores diferentes. Específicamente, asumiendo la teoría de la acción planeada, nuestros resultados dan soporte a la tesis de que la intención de adoptar un tipo de conducta de prevención está predicha por un conjunto de variables sobre normas subjetivas y actitudes como variables in- dependientes y un conjunto de variables vinculadas al control comportamental percibido como variables mediadoras. Esto sugiere que la motivación hacia las conductas de prevención por parte de las autoridades debería ser particular a cada tipo de conducta de prevención, y debería considerar el patrón de motivación particular asociado, así como particularidades sociodemográficas y diferentes posibilidades de acción.

A contenção do COVID-19 implica desafios para governos e autoridades de saúde pública para motivar os cidadãos a adotar comportamentos preventivos (i.e., usar máscaras faciais, lavar as mãos com frequência). O objetivo deste artigo é identificar os fatores que motivam as pessoas a adotar tais comportamentos. Nossa análise foi realizada em dados coletados pela ASCOfAPSI e pela Universidade Autônoma de Barcelona sobre atitudes e crenças sobre a pandemia de 919 pessoas da Colômbia. Com esta análise, descobrimos que cada classe de comportamento de prevenção é motivada por um conjunto diferente de fatores. Especificamente, assumindo a teoria da ação planejada, nossos resultados suportam a tese de que a intenção de adotar um tipo de comportamento de prevenção é predita por um conjunto de variáveis sobre normas sub- jetivas e atitudes como variáveis independentes e um conjunto de variáveis ligadas ao controle comportamental percebido como variáveis mediadoras. Isto sugere que a motivação para comportamentos de prevenção por parte das autoridades deve ser particular a cada tipo de comportamento de prevenção e deve considerar o padrão particular de motivação a ele associado, bem como particularidades sociodemográficas e diferentes possibilidades de ação.

What's inside is all that counts? The contours of everyday thinking about self-control.

Does self-control require willpower? The question cuts to the heart of a debate about whether self-control is identical with some psychological process internal to the agents or not. Noticeably absent from these debates is systematic evidence about the folk-psychological category of self-control. Here, we present the results of two behavioral studies (N = 296) that indicate the structure of everyday use of the concept. In Study 1, participants rated the degree to which different strategies to respond to motivational conflict exemplify self-control. Participants distinguished between intra-psychic and externally-scaffolded strategies and judged that the former exemplified self-control more than the latter. In Study 2, participants provided various solutions to manage motivational conflict and rated their proposals on effectiveness. Participants produced substantially more intra-psychic strategies, rated them as more effective, and advised them at a higher rate than externally-scaffolded strategies. Taken together, these results suggest that while people recognize a plurality of strategies as genuine instances of self-control, purely internal exercises of self-control are considered more prototypical than their externally-scaffolded counterparts. This implies a hierarchical structure for the folk psychological category of self-control. The concept encompasses a variety of regulatory strategies and organizes these strategies along a hierarchical continuum, with purely intra-psychic strategies at the center and scaffolded strategies in the periphery. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13164-021-00573-2.

MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL: A data set of terrestrial, volant, and marine mammal occurrences in Portugal.

Mammals are threatened worldwide, with ~26% of all species being included in the IUCN threatened categories. This overall pattern is primarily associated with habitat loss or degradation, and human persecution for terrestrial mammals, and pollution, open net fishing, climate change, and prey depletion for marine mammals. Mammals play a key role in maintaining ecosystems functionality and resilience, and therefore information on their distribution is crucial to delineate and support conservation actions. MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL is a publicly available data set compiling unpublished georeferenced occurrence records of 92 terrestrial, volant, and marine mammals in mainland Portugal and archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira that includes 105,026 data entries between 1873 and 2021 (72% of the data occurring in 2000 and 2021). The methods used to collect the data were: live observations/captures (43%), sign surveys (35%), camera trapping (16%), bioacoustics surveys (4%) and radiotracking, and inquiries that represent less than 1% of the records. The data set includes 13 types of records: (1) burrows | soil mounds | tunnel, (2) capture, (3) colony, (4) dead animal | hair | skulls | jaws, (5) genetic confirmation, (6) inquiries, (7) observation of live animal (8), observation in shelters, (9) photo trapping | video, (10) predators diet | pellets | pine cones/nuts, (11) scat | track | ditch, (12) telemetry and (13) vocalization | echolocation. The spatial uncertainty of most records ranges between 0 and 100 m (76%). Rodentia (n =31,573) has the highest number of records followed by Chiroptera (n = 18,857), Carnivora (n = 18,594), Lagomorpha (n = 17,496), Cetartiodactyla (n = 11,568) and Eulipotyphla (n = 7008). The data set includes records of species classified by the IUCN as threatened (e.g., Oryctolagus cuniculus [n = 12,159], Monachus monachus [n = 1,512], and Lynx pardinus [n = 197]). We believe that this data set may stimulate the publication of other European countries data sets that would certainly contribute to ecology and conservation-related research, and therefore assisting on the development of more accurate and tailored conservation management strategies for each species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications.

Targeted UHPLC-HRMS (Orbitrap) Polyphenolic and Capsaicinoid Profiling for the Chemometric Characterization and Classification of Paprika with Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Attributes.

Society's interest in the quality of food products with certain attributes has increased, the attribute of a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) being an effective tool to guarantee the quality and geographical origin of a given food product. In Spain, two paprika production areas with PDO (La Vera and Murcia) are recognized. In the present work, targeted UHPLC-HRMS polyphenolic and capsaicinoid profiling through the TraceFinderTM screening software, using homemade accurate mass databases, was proposed as a source of chemical descriptors, to address the characterization, classification, and authentication of paprika. A total of 126 paprika samples from different production regions-Spain (La Vera PDO and Murcia PDO) and the Czech Republic, each including different flavor varieties, were analyzed. UHPLC-HRMS polyphenolic profiles showed to be good chemical descriptors to achieve paprika classification and authentication, based on the production region, through principal component analysis and partial least squares regression-discriminant analysis, with classification rates of 82%, 86%, and 100% for La Vera PDO, Murcia PDO, and the Czech Republic, respectively. In addition, a perfect classification was also accomplished among the flavor varieties for the Murcia PDO and Czech Republic samples. By employing the UHPLC-HRMS polyphenolic and capsaicinoid profiles as chemical descriptors, acceptable discrimination among La Vera PDO flavor varieties was also achieved.

Classification and Authentication of Paprika by UHPLC-HRMS Fingerprinting and Multivariate Calibration Methods (PCA and PLS-DA).

In this study, the feasibility of non-targeted UHPLC-HRMS fingerprints as chemical descriptors to address the classification and authentication of paprika samples was evaluated. Non-targeted UHPLC-HRMS fingerprints were obtained after a simple sample extraction method and C18 reversed-phase separation. Fingerprinting data based on signal intensities as a function of m/z values and retention times were registered in negative ion mode using a q-Orbitrap high-resolution mass analyzer, and the obtained non-targeted UHPLC-HRMS fingerprints subjected to unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised partial least squares regression-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to study sample discrimination and classification. A total of 105 paprika samples produced in three different regions, La Vera PDO and Murcia PDO, in Spain, and the Czech Republic, and all of them composed of samples of at least two different taste varieties, were analyzed. Non-targeted UHPLC-HRMS fingerprints demonstrated to be excellent sample chemical descriptors to achieve the authentication of paprika production regions with 100% sample classification rates by PLS-DA. Besides, the obtained fingerprints were also able to perfectly discriminate among the different paprika taste varieties in all the studied cases, even in the case of the different La Vera PDO paprika tastes (sweet, bittersweet, and spicy) which are produced in a very small region.

Cascading effects of climate variability on the breeding success of an edge population of an apex predator.

Large-scale environmental forces can influence biodiversity at different levels of biological organization. Climate, in particular, is often associated with species distributions and diversity gradients. However, its mechanistic link to population dynamics is still poorly understood. Here, we unravelled the full mechanistic path by which a climatic driver, the Atlantic trade winds, determines the viability of a bird population. We monitored the breeding population of Eleonora's falcons in the Canary Islands for over a decade (2007-2017) and integrated different methods and data to reconstruct how the availability of their prey (migratory birds) is regulated by trade winds. We tracked foraging movements of breeding adults using GPS, monitored departure of migratory birds using weather radar and simulated their migration trajectories using an individual-based, spatially explicit model. We demonstrate that regional easterly winds regulate the flux of migratory birds that is available to hunting falcons, determining food availability for their chicks and consequent breeding success. By reconstructing how migratory birds are pushed towards the Canary Islands by trade winds, we explain most of the variation (up to 86%) in annual productivity for over a decade. This study unequivocally illustrates how a climatic driver can influence local-scale demographic processes while providing novel evidence of wind as a major determinant of population fitness in a top predator.

Los factores ambientales a gran escala afectan a la biodiversidad a distintos niveles de organización. El clima en particular, a menudo se asocia a la distribución de especies y gradientes de diversidad. Sin embargo, los mecanismos que lo vinculan con la dinámica de poblaciones siguen siendo poco conocidos. En este estudio revelamos el mecanismo a través del cual un factor climático, los vientos Alisios atlánticos, determinan la viabilidad de una población de una especie de ave rapaz. Monitorizamos la población canaria de Halcón de Eleonor durante una década (2007­2017) e integramos distintos datos y métodos para reconstruir cómo la disponibilidad de alimento (pequeñas aves migratorias) es regulada por los vientos Alisios. Además, monitorizamos los movimientos de caza de adultos reproductores mediante GPS y el inicio de la migración de sus presas mediante un radar meteorológico, y simulamos la trayectoria de migración de estas presas utilizando un modelo espacialmente explícito basado en el individuo. Demostramos que los patrones de vientos del este regulan el flujo de aves migratorias que determina la disponibilidad de alimento para los halcones y sus pollos y, por tanto, su éxito reproductor. Al reconstruir cómo las aves migratorias son desviadas hasta las Islas Canarias por los vientos Alisios conseguimos explicar la mayor parte de la variación (hasta el 86%) en la productividad anual de los halcones durante una década. Este estudio ilustra cómo un fenómeno climático a gran escala puede afectar a los procesos demográficos a escala local y aporta nueva evidencia de que el viento puede ser un importante factor determinante de la eficacia biológica de un predador.

Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Paprika by Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Application to Product Designation of Origin Authentication by Chemometrics.

An ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of 36 phenolic compounds in paprika. The proposed method showed good method performance with limits of quantitation between 0.03 and 50 µg/L for 16 compounds and between 50 µg/L and 1 mg/L for 12 compounds. Good linearity (R2 > 0.995), run-to-run and day-to-day precisions (%RSD values < 12.3 and < 19.2%, respectively), and trueness (relative errors < 15.0%) were obtained. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of 111 paprika samples from different production regions: Spain (La Vera PDO and Murcia PDO) and Czech Republic, each one including different flavor varieties (sweet, bittersweet, and spicy). Phenolic profiles and concentration levels showed to be good chemical descriptors to achieve paprika classification and authentication according to the production region by principal component analysis and partial least squares regression-discriminant analysis. In addition, perfect classification among flavor varieties for Murcia PDO and Czech Republic samples was also obtained.

Intradialytic resistance training: an effective and easy-to-execute strategy / Treinamento resistido intradialítico: uma estratégia eficaz e de fácil execução

Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) alters the morphology and function of skeletal muscles, thereby decreasing patient physical capacity (PC) and quality of life (QoL). Intradialytic resistance training (IRT) is a pragmatic tool used to attenuate these complications. However, IRT has not been strongly adopted in nephrology care centers. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of a low-cost, easy-to-use IRT protocol. Methods: The study enrolled 43 patients (52.8 ± 13.85 years) on HD for five to 300 months followed from April 2014 to July 2017. The efficacy of IRT was assessed based on PC - derived from muscle strength (MS) and preferred walking speed (PWS) - and QoL. The occurrence of adverse events was used as a measure of safety. The IRT protocol consisted of exercises of moderate to high intensity for the main muscle groups performed three times a week. Results: The mean follow-up time was 9.3 ± 3.24 months, for a total of 4,374 sessions of IRT. Compliance to the protocol was 96.5 ± 2.90%, and patients presented significant improvements in MS (from 27.3 ± 11.58 Kgf to 34.8 ± 10.77 Kgf) and PWS (from 0.99 ± 0.29 m/s to 1.26 ± 0.22 m/s). Physical and emotional components of QoL also increased significantly. Conclusion: IRT led to significant increases in PC and higher scores in all domains of QoL. Important adverse events were not observed during intradialytic resistance training.

Resumo A doença renal crônica (DRC) promove alterações morfofuncionais dos músculos esqueléticos, gerando redução da capacidade físico-funcional (CF) e pior qualidade de vida (QV). O treinamento resistido intradialítico (TRI) é considerado uma ação pragmática para atenuar tais complicações. Contudo, nota-se baixa inserção do TRI nos centros de tratamento em nefrologia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia e a segurança de uma proposta metodológica de TRI de fácil execução e de baixo custo. Métodos: 43 pacientes (52,8±13,85 anos), com tempo em HD entre cinco e 300 meses, foram acompanhados entre abril de 2014 e julho de 2017. A eficácia do TRI foi mensurada pela CF, avaliada pela força muscular (FM) e pela velocidade de caminhada usual (VCU) e pela QV. Como critério de segurança adotou-se a ocorrência de intercorrências clínicas. O protocolo de TRI consistiu em exercícios de moderada a alta intensidade para os principais grupos musculares, realizados três vezes por semana. Resultados: o tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 9,3 ± 3,24 meses, totalizando 4.374 sessões de TRI. A aderência ao protocolo foi de 96,5 ± 2,90, e os pacientes apresentaram melhora significativa da FM (de 27,3±11,58 Kgf para 34,8±10,77 Kgf) e da VCU (de 0,99 ± 0,29 m/s para 1,26 ± 0,22 m/s). Quanto à QV, tanto os domínios do componente físico quanto do emocional aumentaram significativamente. Conclusão: o TRI promoveu aumento significativo da CF e melhora de todos os domínios da QV, e não foram observadas intercorrências importantes com a realização dos exercícios intradialíticos.

Toxicity and cytopathology mediated by Bacillus thuringiensis in the midgut of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Bioinsecticides and transgenic plants, based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are important when managing Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a soybean defoliator pest. The interaction of these toxins with the caterpillar's midgut cells determines their efficacy as an insecticide. The objective was to evaluate the toxicity of B. thuringiensis, subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1 and cytopathological changes mediated by these bacterial toxins in the midgut of A. gemmatalis caterpillars. Insecticidal efficacy was determined by calculating lethal concentration values (LC25, LC50, LC75, LC90 and LC99) in the laboratory. Midgut fragments from A. gemmatalis were extracted after bacterial ingestion and evaluated by light, transmission electron and confocal microscopy. The Bt median lethal concentrations showed toxicity [LC50 = 0.46 (0.43-0.49) mg mL-1] to fourth instar A. gemmatalis caterpillars after 108 hours. Bt induces severe cytotoxicity to A. gemmatalis midgut epithelial cells with increasing exposure over time, causing cellular disorganization, microvillus degeneration, cell fragmentation and protrusion, peritrophic membrane rupture, and cell vacuolization. The cell nuclei presented condensed chromatin and an increase in lysosome numbers. Apoptosis occurred in the midgut cells of caterpillars exposed to Bt. A regenerative response in A. gemmatalis caterpillars was observed 8 hours after exposure to Bt, however this response was not continuous. Toxins produced by Bt are harmful to A. gemmatalis at median concentration with structural damage and death of the midgut epithelial cells of this insect.

Intradialytic resistance training: an effective and easy-to-execute strategy.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) alters the morphology and function of skeletal muscles, thereby decreasing patient physical capacity (PC) and quality of life (QoL). Intradialytic resistance training (IRT) is a pragmatic tool used to attenuate these complications. However, IRT has not been strongly adopted in nephrology care centers. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of a low-cost, easy-to-use IRT protocol. METHODS: The study enrolled 43 patients (52.8 ± 13.85 years) on HD for five to 300 months followed from April 2014 to July 2017. The efficacy of IRT was assessed based on PC - derived from muscle strength (MS) and preferred walking speed (PWS) - and QoL. The occurrence of adverse events was used as a measure of safety. The IRT protocol consisted of exercises of moderate to high intensity for the main muscle groups performed three times a week. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 9.3 ± 3.24 months, for a total of 4,374 sessions of IRT. Compliance to the protocol was 96.5 ± 2.90%, and patients presented significant improvements in MS (from 27.3 ± 11.58 Kgf to 34.8 ± 10.77 Kgf) and PWS (from 0.99 ± 0.29 m/s to 1.26 ± 0.22 m/s). Physical and emotional components of QoL also increased significantly. CONCLUSION: IRT led to significant increases in PC and higher scores in all domains of QoL. Important adverse events were not observed during intradialytic resistance training.

Detection and Quantitation of Frauds in the Authentication of Cranberry-Based Extracts by UHPLC-HRMS (Orbitrap) Polyphenolic Profiling and Multivariate Calibration Methods.

UHPLC-HRMS (Orbitrap) polyphenolic profiling was applied to the characterization, classification, and authentication of cranberry-based natural and pharmaceutical products. Fifty three polyphenolic standards were characterized to build a user-accurate mass database which was then proposed to obtain UHPLC-HRMS polyphenolic profiles by means of ExactFinder software. Principal component analysis results showed a good sample discrimination according to the fruit employed. Regarding cranberry-based pharmaceuticals, discrimination according to the presentation format (syrup, sachets, capsules, etc.) was also observed due to the enhancement of some polyphenols by purification and preconcentration procedures. Procyanidin A2 and homogentisic, sinapic, veratric, cryptochlorogenic, and caffeic acids showed to be important polyphenols to achieve cranberry-based products discrimination against the other studied fruits. Partial least-squares regression allowed the determination of adulterant percentages in cranberry-fruit samples. Very satisfactory results with adulteration quantification errors lower than 6.0% were obtained even at low adulteration levels.

Avaliação da deformação de agulhas gengivais e análise fractal / Evaluation of dental needle deformation and fractal analysis

Introdução: A fratura da agulha na anestesia odontológica é rara, mas sua ocorrência tem sérias complicações e deve ser evitada. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a deformação de agulhas dentárias após a aplicação de forças de compressão. Material e método: Agulhas das marcas Dencojet e Septoject XL nos calibres 27G e 30G (quatro grupos) foram dobradas em dois sentidos opostos em máquina de ensaio mecânico DL200 - EMIC, com base na ISO 7885:2010. A resistência à compressão das agulhas foi medida em cada dobra. Ao final, foi realizada inspeção visual em uma lupa EK3ST em aumento de 40×, para análise da integridade das agulhas. Resultado: As agulhas de calibre 30G não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre elas. As agulhas de maior calibre (27G) apresentaram diferenças no primeiro (p = 0,0001) e no segundo dobramento (p = 0,0016). As agulhas Septoject XL 27G demonstraram ser muito menos flexíveis, fornecendo valores mais altos de resistência à dobra. No grupo Septoject XL 30G, 70% das agulhas fraturaram próximo ao canhão. Todas as amostras do grupo Septoject XL 27G apresentaram fraturas após a segunda dobra. Conclusão: Todas as agulhas gengivais testadas apresentaram comportamento aceitável, mesmo quando submetidas a situações críticas. As agulhas Dencojet 27G demonstraram ser mais flexíveis quando dobradas. Todas as agulhas Septoject XL 27G fraturaram após a segunda dobra. Não é aconselhável dobrar as agulhas dentárias.

Introduction: Needle fracture in dental anesthesia is rare, but its occurrence has serious complications and should be avoided. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the deformation of dental needles after the application of compression forces. Material and method: Needles of the Dencojet and Septoject XL brands in the 27G and 30G gauges (4 groups) were folded in two opposite directions in a mechanical test machine DL200 - EMIC, based on ISO 7885: 2010. The compressive strength of the needles was measured at each fold. At the end, visual inspection was performed on an EK3ST magnifying glass in a magnification of 40× for analysis of needle integrity. Result: 30G needles did not present significant differences between them. The largest gauges (27G) presented differences in the first (p = 0.0001) and in the second folding (p = 0.0016). Septoject XL 27G needles have been shown to be much less flexible, providing higher values ​​of resistance to folding. Seventh percent of the Septoject XL 30G group fractured near the cannon. All samples from the Septoject XL 27G group showed fractures after the second fold. Conclusion: All the gingival needles tested presented acceptable behavior, even when submitted to critical situations. Dencojet 27G needles have been shown to be more flexible when folded. All Septoject XL 27G needles fractured after the second fold. It is not advisable to bend the dental needles.

Geotechnology in the analysis of forest fragments in northern Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Pasture implantation fragments and reduces the Amazonian forest area. The objective was to quantify landscape changes in 1985, 2000 and 2015 in northern Mato Grosso, Brazil. The study was carried out in three scenes obtained by the LANDSAT satellite of a microbasin (2742.33 ha) in the municipality of Alta Floresta. Forest, water bodies, pasture and exposed soil were the thematic classes determined to e mapping the land use evolution. The edge, density and shape indexes of the fragments were measured. Normalized vegetation difference (NDVI) values were high in 1985. Land use and occupation over 15 years (1985-2000) reduced forest cover by 69.8%, but it increased by 1.7% over the next 15 years (2000-2015). The number of exposed soil patches increased between the periods, but the total area and number of the patches of the forest fragments decreased. The high values of NDVI in 1985 showed vegetated areas with high density. Reducing forest cover decreases the size of the fragments, increases the isolation and the number of soil patches exposed. The mapping of land use showed a reduction of the Amazon forest in the microbasin in the north of Mato Grosso, in the years 2000 and 2015 compared to 1985.

Impacts of frailty on the negative health outcomes of elderly Brazilians / Impactos da Fragilidade sobre desfechos negativos em saúde de idosos brasileiros

Abstract Objective: to verify the association between frailty and the occurrence of falls, hospitalization and death among Brazilian elderly persons. Methods: a representative sample of elderly persons from the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, who had been evaluated with regard to frailty, socio-demographic conditions and health in 2009, were reevaluated in terms of negative health outcomes between 2014 and 2015 (n=304). Results: The results revealed a greater incidence of falls, hospitalization, and death among frail elderly persons. The frail group also had an increased risk (1.5, crude estimate) of death during the follow-up period than the robust individuals. The pre-frail elderly had a 55% (crude) and 58% (adjusted) greater risk of falls, and an 89% (crude) greater risk of death than robust individuals. Conclusion: frailty, as well as pre-frailty, can increase the risk of adverse events in the health of the elderly. AU

Resumo Objetivos: verificar a relação da fragilidade com a ocorrência de quedas, hospitalização e óbito em idosos brasileiros. Métodos: Para tal, uma amostra representativa de idosos moradores do município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil, a qual foi avaliada quanto à fragilidade, condições sociais, demográficas e de saúde no ano de 2009, foi reavaliada quanto aos desfechos negativos em saúde entre os anos de 2014 e 2015 (n=304). Resultados: Os resultados demonstram uma maior incidência de quedas, hospitalização e óbito entre os frágeis. O grupo frágil também apresentou risco aumentado (1.5, bruto) de falecer durante o seguimento do que os robustos. Já os pré-frágeis, exibiram risco 55% (bruto) e 58% (ajustado) superior de quedas e 89% (bruto) de falecer em relação aos indivíduos robustos. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a fragilidade, assim como a pré-fragilidade, podem aumentar o risco de eventos negativos na saúde de idosos.AU

Concordância entre diferentes patologistas no diagnóstico anatomopatológico de uma série de 128 pólipos gástricos / Agreement between different pathologists in histopathologic diagnosis of 128 gastric polyps

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND - Gastric polyps are elevated mucosal lesions. Most of them are less than 1 cm and when larger than 2 cm, has a high malignancy probability. The histopathological types are mainly fundic gland polyps, hyperplastic polyps and adenomatous polyps. OBJECTIVE - To evaluate the agreement between three different pathologists in the histopathological diagnosis of 128 biopsied gastric polyps in Digestive Endoscopy Unit from Walter Cantídeo University Hospital, between May 2010 to May 2012. METHODS - To describe the intensity of agreement between observers, we use kappa index that is based on the number of concordant measures between them. RESULTS - There was substantial agreement in the diagnosis of adenoma (kappa=0.799, CI: 0.899-0.698) and fundic glands (kappa=0.655, CI: 0.755-0.555). Regarding to hyperplastic polyps (kappa=0.415, CI: 0.515-0.315) and inflammatory (kappa=0.401, CI: 0.501-0.301), we obtained a moderate agreement. Regarding the presence of Helicobacter pylori in biopsy of the polyp, there was a low agreement (kappa=0.219, CI: 0.319-0.119). CONCLUSION - It is clear that the agreement between pathologists depends on the histological type of the biopsied polyp and this agreement is more substantial in adenoma, or fundic gland polyps.

RESUMO CONTEXTO - Os pólipos gástricos são lesões elevadas da mucosa. A maioria são menores que 1 cm (60%-82%) e quando maiores do que 2 cm, tem alta probabilidade de malignidade. Os tipos histopatológicos são principalmente pólipos de glândulas fúndicas, pólipos hiperplásicos e pólipos adenomatosos. OBJETIVO - Avaliar a concordância entre três diferentes patologistas no diagnóstico histopatológico de 128 pólipos gástricos biopsiados na Unidade de Endoscopia Digestiva do Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídeo no período de maio de 2010 a maio de 2012. MÉTODOS - Para descrevermos a intensidade de concordância entre os avaliadores, utilizamos o índice kappa que é baseado no número de medidas concordantes entre eles. RESULTADOS - Houve uma substancial concordância no diagnóstico de adenoma (kappa=0,799, IC: 0,899-0,698) e glândulas fúndicas (kappa=0,655, IC: 0,755-0,555). Em relação aos pólipos hiperplásicos (kappa=0,415, IC: 0,515-0,315) e inflamatórios (kappa=0,401, IC: 0,501-0,301), obtivemos uma concordância moderada. Em relação à presença do Helicobacter pylori na biópsia do pólipo, houve uma baixa concordância (kappa=0,219, IC: 0,319-0,119). CONCLUSÃO - Em vista do que foi observado, torna-se claro que a concordância entre observadores depende do tipo histológico do pólipo biopsiado, sendo essa mais alcançada no diagnóstico de adenoma e pólipos de glândulas fúndicas.

AGREEMENT BETWEEN DIFFERENT PATHOLOGISTS IN HISTOPATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS OF 128 GASTRIC POLYPS.

BACKGROUND: - Gastric polyps are elevated mucosal lesions. Most of them are less than 1 cm and when larger than 2 cm, has a high malignancy probability. The histopathological types are mainly fundic gland polyps, hyperplastic polyps and adenomatous polyps. OBJECTIVE: - To evaluate the agreement between three different pathologists in the histopathological diagnosis of 128 biopsied gastric polyps in Digestive Endoscopy Unit from Walter Cantídeo University Hospital, between May 2010 to May 2012. METHODS: - To describe the intensity of agreement between observers, we use kappa index that is based on the number of concordant measures between them. RESULTS: - There was substantial agreement in the diagnosis of adenoma (kappa=0.799, CI: 0.899-0.698) and fundic glands (kappa=0.655, CI: 0.755-0.555). Regarding to hyperplastic polyps (kappa=0.415, CI: 0.515-0.315) and inflammatory (kappa=0.401, CI: 0.501-0.301), we obtained a moderate agreement. Regarding the presence of Helicobacter pylori in biopsy of the polyp, there was a low agreement (kappa=0.219, CI: 0.319-0.119). CONCLUSION: - It is clear that the agreement between pathologists depends on the histological type of the biopsied polyp and this agreement is more substantial in adenoma, or fundic gland polyps.

Life-history predicts past and present population connectivity in two sympatric sea stars.

Life-history traits, especially the mode and duration of larval development, are expected to strongly influence the population connectivity and phylogeography of marine species. Comparative analysis of sympatric, closely related species with differing life histories provides the opportunity to specifically investigate these mechanisms of evolution but have been equivocal in this regard. Here, we sample two sympatric sea stars across the same geographic range in temperate waters of Australia. Using a combination of mitochondrial DNA sequences, nuclear DNA sequences, and microsatellite genotypes, we show that the benthic-developing sea star, Parvulastra exigua, has lower levels of within- and among-population genetic diversity, more inferred genetic clusters, and higher levels of hierarchical and pairwise population structure than Meridiastra calcar, a species with planktonic development. While both species have populations that have diverged since the middle of the second glacial period of the Pleistocene, most P. exigua populations have origins after the last glacial maxima (LGM), whereas most M. calcar populations diverged long before the LGM. Our results indicate that phylogenetic patterns of these two species are consistent with predicted dispersal abilities; the benthic-developing P. exigua shows a pattern of extirpation during the LGM with subsequent recolonization, whereas the planktonic-developing M. calcar shows a pattern of persistence and isolation during the LGM with subsequent post-Pleistocene introgression.

Sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney disease not yet on dialysis: Analysis of the prevalence and associated factors.

INTRODUCTION: Sarcopenia is a chronic condition that is associated with aging and characterized by a reduction of muscle mass, strength, and function. Sarcopenia is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as cardiovascular complications. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with CKD not yet on dialysis and its correlation with clinical and laboratory variables and inflammatory markers. METHODS: A total of 100 patients of both sexes aged over 18 were evaluated. Sarcopenia was defined using the criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Sarcopenia Project. Sociodemographic and clinical data, activities of daily living, functional capacity, and physical activity were also evaluated. Inflammation was assessed by the serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin (IL) 4 and 6. RESULTS: The prevalence of sarcopenia was 11.9% and 28.7% using the EWGSOP and FNIH criteria, respectively. Sarcopenia was more prevalent in the more advanced stages of CKD (34.5% in stages 2 and 3A; and 65.5% in stages 3B, 4, and 5) and associated with worse performance in activities of daily living (p = 0.049), lower walking speeds (p < 0.001), and higher body mass indexes (BMIs) (p = 0.001) in the non-adjusted model. In addition, patients with sarcopenia had lower functional capacity (p = 0.012) and higher prevalence of physical inactivity (p = 0.041) compared with patients without sarcopenia. After adjustment for confounding variables, sarcopenia was still significantly correlated with walking speed (p = 0.004) and BMI (p = 0.002). HsCRP levels were inversely correlated with appendicular lean mass adjusted for BMI (p = 0.007) and were also positively associated with BMI (p = 0.001). IL4 levels were positively correlated with walking speed (p = 0.007) and lean mass in the lower limbs (p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia is common in patients with CKD, particularly in the most advanced stages of the disease. We observed an association between the levels of inflammatory markers and peripheral lean body mass, physical performance, and BMI. This association between sarcopenia and modifiable factors highlights the importance of early diagnosis and the implementation of therapeutic measures to minimize adverse outcomes in patients with CKD not yet on dialysis.

Characterization, classification and authentication of fruit-based extracts by means of HPLC-UV chromatographic fingerprints, polyphenolic profiles and chemometric methods.

HPLC-UV was applied to the analysis and characterization of fruit-based and fruit-processed products. A Kinetex C18 reversed-phase column was proposed under gradient elution for the determination of 17 polyphenols. Acceptable sensitivity (LODs below 0.16mg/L), and good linearity (r2 higher than 0.995), precision (RSD below 6.8%), and method trueness (relative errors below 11%) were obtained. Data corresponding to polyphenolic peak areas and HPLC-UV chromatographic fingerprints were then analyzed by exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) to extract information of the most significant variables contributing to characterization and classification of analyzed samples regarding the fruit of origin. HPLC-UV chromatographic data was further treated by partial least square (PLS) regression to determine the percentages of adulteration in cranberry-fruit extracts. It was found that even mixture samples containing low percentages of adulterants could be distinguished from genuine cranberry extracts. Highly satisfactory results were obtained, with overall errors in the quantification of adulterations below 4.3%.

Analysis of Conservative Surgical Treatment and Prognosis of Microinvasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix Stage IA1: Results of Follow-Up to 20 Years.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognosis and recurrence of microinvasive squamous cervical (MIC) cancer stage IA1 in women treated conservatively or by hysterectomy, and followed-up to 20 years. METHODS: It was studied in a cohort of 139 women with MIC, 41 definitively managed by conization and 98 by hysterectomy from January 1994 to December 2003 and followed-up until 2013. The definitive treatment, age, conization technique (loop electrosurgical excision procedure or cold knife conization), cone margin, residual disease in hysterectomy specimen, and the association with recurrence (intraepithelial cervical neoplasia grade 3/intraepithelial vaginal neoplasia grade 3 or worse, and microinvasive or worse) were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 2.5 times more conservative treatment in younger women than older (>40 years), and high proportion of residual disease in hysterectomy specimens (67% of intraepithelial cervical neoplasia grade 3 or worse), more common if positive cone margin (74% vs 35%, P < 0.002). There were 2.3% (3/133) recurrences detected as microinvasive or worse, and 6% (8/133) recurrences detected as intraepithelial cervical neoplasia grade 3/intraepithelial vaginal neoplasia grade 3 or worse: 7.3% (3/41) in the conization group and 5.4% (5/92) in the hysterectomy group (P = 0.701). Almost all recurrences (88%, 7/8) were diagnosed until 36 months after treatment, and they were not associated with conization technique. There were no differences in risk of recurrence and overall disease-free survival time related to type of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the good prognosis of MIC, regardless the treatment. When fertility is not a concern, hysterectomy should be considered as definitive treatment to avoid the risk of residual disease. Regular follow-up for a long period should be maintained.