Effects of high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation on functional performance in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been investigated as a new tool in neurological rehabilitation of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, due to the inconsistent results regarding the effects of rTMS in people with SCI, a randomized controlled double-blind crossover trial is needed to clarify the clinical utility and to assess the effect size of rTMS intervention in this population. Therefore, this paper describes a study protocol designed to investigate whether the use of rTMS can improve the motor and sensory function, as well as reduce spasticity in patients with incomplete SCI. METHODS: A double-blind randomized sham-controlled crossover trial will be performed by enrolling 20 individuals with incomplete SCI. Patients who are at least six months post incomplete SCI (aged 18-60 years) will be recruited through referral by medical practitioners or therapists. Individuals will be randomly assigned to either group 1 or group 2 in a 1:1 ratio, with ten individuals in each group. The rTMS protocol will include ten sessions of high-frequency rTMS (5 Hz) over the bilateral lower-limb motor area positioned at the vertex (Cz). Clinical evaluations will be performed at baseline and after rTMS active and sham. DISCUSSION: rTMS has produced positive results in treating individuals with physical impairments; thus, it might be promising in the SCI population. The results of this study may provide new insights to motor rehabilitation thereby contributing towards the better usage of rTMS in the SCI population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02899637 . Registered on 25 August 2016.

Dor e parestesias nos membros superiores e diagnóstico da síndrome do túnel do carpo / Pain and numbness in the arms and hands and carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosis

Nós avaliamos a freqüência e localização de dor e parestesias em pacientes com síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC) e em indivíduos da população geral, pareados por gênero e idade. Determinamos a sensibilidade e a especificidade desses sintomas para o diagnóstico de STC. Dor foi um sintoma comum nos dois grupos de pacientes. Parestesia ocorreu com mais freqüência em pacientes com STC (p<0,05). No grupo com STC, a dor era localizada no pescoço (42,8 por cento), membros superiores (36,8 por cento) e mãos (82,8 por cento). Nos pacientes sem STC, a dor se localizava na cabeça (11,4 por cento), região axial (37,1 por cento) e membros inferiores (22,8 por cento). Nós concluímos que, em relação ao diagnóstico de STC, dor e parestesias apresentam sensibilidade baixa e especificidade alta quando as queixas estão presentes nos membros superiores; e sensibilidade e especificidade altas (>75 por cento) quando são localizadas nas mãos.

We studied the frequency and localization of pain and numbness in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), in comparison with individuals of the general population, matched for sex and age, and we determined the sensitivity and the specificity of these symptoms for the CTS diagnosis. Pain was a common symptom in the two groups of patients. Numbness occurred more frequently in CTS group (p<0.05). In CTS patients, pain complaints were present in neck (42.8 percent), arms (36.8 percent) and hands (82.8 percent). Among controls, pain was more common in head (11.4 percent), trunk (37.1 percent), legs (22.8 percent). In our casuistics, in relation to the CTS diagnosis, the presence of pain and numbness have low sensitivity and high specificity when they occur in the arms, and high sensitivity and specificity when they occur in the hands.

[Pain and numbness in the arms and hands and carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosis]. / Dor e parestesias nos membros superiores e diagnóstico da síndrome do túnel do carpo.

We studied the frequency and localization of pain and numbness in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), in comparison with individuals of the general population, matched for sex and age, and we determined the sensitivity and the specificity of these symptoms for the CTS diagnosis. Pain was a common symptom in the two groups of patients. Numbness occurred more frequently in CTS group (p<0.05). In CTS patients, pain complaints were present in neck (42.8%), arms (36.8%) and hands (82.8%). Among controls, pain was more common in head (11.4%), trunk (37.1%), legs (22.8%). In our casuistics, in relation to the CTS diagnosis, the presence of pain and numbness have low sensitivity and high specificity when they occur in the arms, and high sensitivity and specificity when they occur in the hands.