Is tightly controlled disease activity possible with online patient-reported outcomes?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of patient-reported outcomes (PRO) as primary indices for identification and prediction of a 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28)>3.2 among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Patients with RA completed monthly online PRO [Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index (RADAI), visual analog scale (VAS) fatigue] and were clinically assessed every 3 months using the DAS28. Simple descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and the Bayesian joint modeling approach were used to analyze the data. The Bayesian joint model combines the scores and changes in the scores of 3 PRO to predict a DAS28>3.2 at the subsequent timepoint. RESULTS: A group of 159 patients with RA participated. Stratified summaries of the PRO by DAS28 categories at baseline provided incremental values of the PRO for more active disease. However, on an individual level, the DAS28 and the PRO fluctuated over time. The prediction of subsequent DAS score by a single instrument at single timepoints resulted in moderate sensitivity and specificity. Using the intercept and slope of the combined PRO of the first 3 measurements to predict the DAS28 state at 3 months resulted in a sensitivity of 0.81 and a specificity of 0.92. After 10-fold cross validation, the model had a sensitivity of 0.61 and specificity of 0.75 to identify patients with a DAS28>3.2. CONCLUSION: PRO showed fluctuating levels of disease activity over time, while on a group level disease activity stayed the same. Using the changes in RADAI, HAQ, and VAS fatigue over time to predict future DAS28>3.2 resulted in moderate performance after the internal cross-validation of the model (sensitivity 0.61, specificity 0.75).

Association of low baseline levels of erythrocyte folate with treatment nonresponse at three months in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving methotrexate.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether baseline concentrations of one-carbon metabolism biomarkers are associated with treatment nonresponse and adverse events in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients receiving methotrexate (MTX). METHODS: A prospective derivation cohort (n = 285) and validation cohort (n = 102) of RA patients receiving MTX were studied. Concentrations of plasma homocysteine, serum vitamin B12 , serum folate, erythrocyte vitamin B6 , and erythrocyte folate were determined at baseline and after 3 months of treatment. Nonresponse after 3 months was assessed using the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria. Adverse events at 3 months were assessed using biochemical parameters and health status questionnaires. Analyses were corrected for baseline DAS28, age, sex, MTX dose, comedications, and presence of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677TT genotype. RESULTS: In the derivation cohort, the mean DAS28 scores at baseline and 3 months were 4.94 and 3.12, respectively, and 78% of patients experienced adverse events. This was similar between the 2 cohorts, despite a lower MTX dose in the validation cohort. Patients with lower levels of erythrocyte folate at baseline had a higher DAS28 at 3 months in both the derivation cohort (ß = -0.15, P = 0.037) and the validation cohort (ß = -0.20, P = 0.048). In line with these results, lower baseline erythrocyte folate levels were linearly associated with a 3-month DAS28 of >3.2 in both cohorts (derivation cohort, P = 0.049; validation cohort, P = 0.021) and with nonresponse according to the EULAR criteria (derivation cohort, P = 0.066; validation cohort, P = 0.027). None of the other biomarkers (levels at baseline or changes over 3 months) were associated with the DAS28 or treatment nonresponse. Baseline levels of the biomarkers and changes in levels after 3 months were not associated with incidence of adverse events. CONCLUSION: A low baseline concentration of erythrocyte folate is associated with high disease activity and nonresponse at 3 months after the start of MTX treatment and could be used in prediction models for MTX outcome. None of the investigated one-carbon metabolism biomarkers were associated with incidence of adverse events at 3 months.

Induction therapy with a combination of DMARDs is better than methotrexate monotherapy: first results of the tREACH trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the most effective induction disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) strategy in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA), second to compare one single dose of intramuscular glucocorticoids (GCs) with daily oral GCs during the induction phase. METHODS: The 3-month data of a single-blinded clinical trial in patients with recent-onset arthritis (tREACH) were used. Patients were included who had a high probability (>70%) of progressing to persistent arthritis, based on the prediction model of Visser. Patients were randomised into three induction therapy strategies: (A) combination therapy (methotrexate (MTX) + sulfasalazine + hydroxychloroquine) with GCs intramuscularly; (B) combination therapy with an oral GC tapering scheme and (C) MTX with oral GCs similar to B. A total of 281 patients were randomly assigned to strategy (A) (n=91), (B) (n=93) or (C) (n=97). RESULTS: The Disease Activity Score (DAS) after 3 months was lower in patients receiving initial combination therapy than in those receiving MTX monotherapy (0.39 (0.67 to 0.11, 95% CI)). DAS did not differ between the different GC bridging treatments. After 3 months 50% fewer biological agents were prescribed in the combination therapy groups. Although the proportion of patients with medication adjustments differed significantly between the treatment arms, no differences were seen in these adjustments due to adverse events after stratification for drug. CONCLUSION: Triple DMARD induction therapy is better than MTX monotherapy in early RA. Furthermore, no differences were seen in medication adjustments due to adverse events after stratification for drug. Intramuscular and oral GCs are equally effective as bridging treatments and both can be used.

Clinical significance of quantitative immunohistology in labial salivary glands for diagnosing Sjogren's syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: Because patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) are at risk of developing other autoimmune phenomena and malignant lymphoma, it is important to distinguish pSS from non-Sjögren's (nSS) sicca syndrome. However, this distinction might be difficult because of the lack of a gold standard for pSS. We studied the clinical significance of quantitative immunohistology (QIH) in labial salivary glands for diagnosing pSS. METHODS: In a model mimicking the making of a clinical diagnosis, five experts diagnosed 396 patients as nSS, 'indefinite', pSS or secondary SS (sSS) using 25 clinical parameters. Patients were diagnosed twice, namely without (yielding gold-standard diagnoses) and with knowledge of QIH. The numbers of changes in diagnosis from 'indefinite' to 'definite' (nSS, pSS or sSS) or vice versa were compared. Patient groups with vs without a changed diagnosis in the four gold-standard diagnosis groups were compared regarding objective autoimmune parameters. RESULTS: Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value for abnormal QIH in pSS vs nSS were 93, 86, 76 and 96%, respectively. Changes in diagnosis from 'indefinite' to 'definite' (31%) were found more often (P = 0.00) than changes from 'definite' to 'indefinite' (10%). Knowledge of QIH distinguished patient groups within the gold-standard nSS, indefinite and pSS patient group with regard to autoimmune parameters. CONCLUSION: In view of the consequences of distinguishing pSS from nSS, these results point to an additional diagnostic role for QIH in clinical practice.

Spectral analysis of heart rate and blood pressure variability in primary Sjögren's syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Autonomic dysfunction has been described in primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the circulatory autonomic regulation in patients with primary SS by power spectral analysis of heart rate and blood pressure variability. METHODS: Forty three (42 female) patients with primary SS, mean age 52 years (range 23-80), with a mean disease duration of eight years (range 1-30) and 30 (15 female) healthy controls, mean age 43 years (range 21-68) were studied. In each patient blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration were measured continuously during supine rest and orthostatic challenge (60 degrees head-up tilt). Power spectral analysis was performed to determine possible differences in short term sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic regulation between patients and controls. Furthermore, spectral parameters were studied in relation to illness severity and disease duration of the patients with primary SS. RESULTS: After controlling for differences in age, heart rate variability of the mid-frequency band and the variation coefficient of systolic blood pressure were significantly lower in patients with primary SS than in controls during supine rest. During 60 degrees tilt patients with primary SS showed a significantly higher mean heart rate, mean systolic blood pressure, and variation coefficient of diastolic blood pressure, and a significantly lower baroreflex index than controls. After controlling for age, no differences were found either in heart rate variability, blood pressure results, and baroreflex sensitivity during supine rest and tilt between the subgroups divided according to disease duration, Schirmer test results, or between the subgroups with different fatigue scores. No differences were found in spectral data between the groups with and without positive antinuclear antibody serology. CONCLUSION: For the group no differences in sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac control were seen between patients with primary SS and controls, as assessed by spectral techniques, although some cardiovascular differences were found, particularly during orthostatic challenge.

Involvement of the peripheral nervous system in primary Sjögren's syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Involvement of the peripheral nervous system in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) has been reported, but its prevalence in neurologically asymptomatic patients is not well known. OBJECTIVE: To assess clinical and neurophysiological features of the peripheral nervous system in patients with primary SS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 39 (38 female) consecutive patients with primary SS, aged 20-81 years (mean 50), with a disease duration of 1-30 years (mean 8) were studied. The peripheral nervous system was evaluated by a questionnaire, physical examination, quantified sensory neurological examination, and neurophysiological measurements (nerve conduction studies). To assess autonomic cardiovascular function an orthostatic challenge test, a Valsalva manoeuvre, a forced respiration test, and pupillography were done. RESULTS: Abnormalities as indicated in the questionnaire were found in 8/39 (21%) patients, while an abnormal neurological examination was found in 7/39 (18%) patients. Abnormalities in quantified sensory neurological examination were found in 22/38 (58%) patients. In 9/39 (23%) patients, neurophysiological signs compatible with a sensory polyneuropathy were found. No differences were found in the autonomic test results, disease duration, serological parameters, or erythrocyte sedimentation rate between the patients with primary SS with and those without evidence of peripheral nervous involvement. CONCLUSION: Subclinical abnormalities of the peripheral nervous system may occur in patients with primary SS selected from a department of rheumatology, but clinically relevant involvement of the peripheral nervous system in this patient group is rare.

Parasympathetic failure does not contribute to ocular dryness in primary Sjögren's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiovascular function in primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and to investigate the possible relation with ocular dryness. METHODS: 41 (40 women) patients with primary SS, mean age 50 years (range 20-80) with a mean disease duration of eight years (range 1-30), were studied. In each patient direct arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and respiration were measured continuously for two hours. The function of the autonomic circulatory regulation was evaluated by measuring the heart rate response to deep breathing (6 cycles/min) and by means of the Valsalva manoeuvre and the responses of BP, HR and plasma noradrenaline (norepinephrine) concentrations to a 10 minute 60 degree head up tilt test. Pupillography was done to evaluate ocular autonomic function. RESULTS: The HR-Valsalva ratio was abnormal in 24% of the patients, and the HR variability during forced respiration was abnormal in 56% of the patients. The HR responses to both the Valsalva manoeuvre and deep breathing, as indicators of parasympathetic function, were abnormally low in 6 of 41 (15%) patients. In only two patients the decrease in systolic BP in response to the head up tilt test, as indicator of sympathetic function, was more than 20 mm Hg. However, increment of plasma noradrenaline concentration during head up tilt test and the overshoot of BP in phase IV of the Valsalva manoeuvre, as indicators of sympathetic function, were normal in both patients. Thus, no evidence for sympathetic dysfunction was found, whereas evidence for parasympathetic failure occurred sometimes. Autonomic pupillary function in patients with primary SS and healthy controls, as well as the Schirmer test in patients with or without evidence for parasympathetic dysfunction as based on the results of the Valsalva and deep breathing tests, were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Parasympathetic, but not sympathetic dysfunction seems to occur in a subgroup of primary SS. Results show that this does not necessarily contribute to the typical ocular dryness in this condition.

Primary Sjögren's syndrome presenting as autonomic neuropathy. Case report.

Abnormalities of the autonomic nervous system have been described in several connective tissue diseases, but the relation with primary Sjögren's syndrome is unclear. This report describes a patient with primary Sjögren's syndrome who presented with severe autonomic failure. The present knowledge on dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system in primary Sjögren's syndrome and other connective tissue diseases is shortly reviewed.

Fatigue in primary Sjögren's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To assess fatigue in relation to depression, blood pressure, and plasma catecholamines in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS), in comparison with healthy controls and patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: For the assessment of fatigue the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) was used, a 20 item questionnaire, covering the following dimensions: general fatigue, physical fatigue, mental fatigue, reduced motivation, and reduced activity. Furthermore, the Zung depression scale was used to quantify aspects of depression. Forty nine female primary SS patients, 44 female patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 32 healthy women filled in both questionnaires. In addition, supine values of blood pressure and plasma catecholamines were measured in the patients with primary SS. RESULTS: Primary SS patients were more fatigued compared with the healthy controls on all the five dimensions of the MFI. When the analyses were repeated using depression as a covariate, group differences disappeared for the dimensions of reduced motivation and mental fatigue. In the primary SS patients, significant positive correlations between depression and the dimensions of reduced motivation and mental fatigue were found. Comparing patients with primary SS with those with RA, using depression as covariate, no statistically significant differences were found between these groups. No relation between fatigue and blood pressure was found, but a negative correlation was observed between the general fatigue subscale of the MFI and plasma noradrenaline. CONCLUSION: Patients with primary SS report more fatigue than healthy controls on all the dimensions of the MFI and when controlling for depression significant differences remain on the dimensions of general fatigue, physical fatigue, and reduced activity. The negative correlations between levels of noradrenaline and general fatigue in patients with primary SS may imply the involvement of the autonomic nervous system in chronic fatigue.

Parasympathetic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis patients with ocular dryness.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether abnormalities in the function of the autonomic nervous system are associated with oral and ocular dryness in rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: Pupillography was done using an infrared light reflection method (IRIS) to measure both parasympathetic function (constriction latency and the latency of maximum constriction velocity (MCV)) and sympathetic function (dilatation latency) in rheumatoid arthritis patients with and without ocular dryness. The Schirmer and Saxon tests were used to measure the tear and saliva production respectively. RESULTS: The Schirmer and Saxon test results in rheumatoid arthritis patients with ocular dryness were reduced (P < 0.05) compared with rheumatoid arthritis patients without ocular dryness and healthy controls. Constriction latency and MCV latency were prolonged in rheumatoid arthritis patients with ocular dryness compared to the other two groups (P < 0.05). A negative correlation was found between the degree of ocular dryness and both constriction latency and MCV latency. No correlation was found between the results of pupillography and saliva production. CONCLUSIONS: Parasympathetic dysfunction may play a role in ocular dryness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.