[Mediaeval anatomic iconography (part I)]. / Sredniowieczna ikonografia anatomiczna (Czesé I).

In the study there is presented a genesis of anatomic drawing. Originated in ancient Greece, through Alexandria it came to Europe through Rome and through Constantinople or Salerno. Describing the drawings from libraries in Pisa (1220), Oxford (1290), Prufening (1158), Provance (around 1250), Oxford (1292), Dresden (1323), Roudnic (1399) and the Persian manuscript (around 1400) the author has carried out the comparative analysis of individual systems presented in them, and has defined their archetypes.

[Mediaeval anatomic iconography (Part II)]. / Sredniowieczna ikonografia anatomiczna cz. II.

In the second part of his paper the author has presented a mediaeval anatomical draft based on empirical studies. From the first drawings from XVth century showing the places of blood-letting and connected with astrological prognostics, to systematical drawings by Guido de Vigevano. He has stressed the parallel existence of two lines of teaching anatomy; one based on philosophical concepts (discussed in the first part of paper), the second one based on empirical concepts. The latter trend has formed the grounds for final transformation, which has taken place in anatomical science in age of Renaissance.

Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the phenolic glycolipid of Mycobacterium leprae.

Nine cloned cell lines producing antibodies to the unique phenolic glycolipid of Mycobacterium leprae have been established as a result of fusions with spleens from mice immunized with the glycolipid complexed with methylated bovine serum albumin. One of the antibodies was relatively nonspecific, binding to a related glycolipid from Mycobacterium kansasii, but the remaining antibodies were specific for the M. leprae lipid. Some of the antibodies required the intact (trisaccharide) carbohydrate portion for recognition of the glycolipid antigen, whereas others recognized partially hydrolyzed forms lacking one or two sugar residues. Monoclonal antibodies directed at the terminal saccharide of the glycolipid showed the greatest specificity for M. leprae in enzyme-linked immunoassays. These antibodies brightly labeled whole mycobacteria in indirect immunofluorescence experiments, demonstrating the surface location of M. leprae-specific determinants of the glycolipid antigen. In addition to their use in providing information about the antigenic properties of the phenolic glycolipid, these antibodies have potential applications for elucidating the roles of glycolipid in the pathogenesis of leprosy.