RESUMO
AIM: To systematically review the evidence from published literature about the impact of war on oral health among children and adults. METHODOLOGY: The electronic search was carried out in the following databases Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar. In vitro studies, cross-sectional, case control studies, and randomized controlled trials conducted during the war time were included. Cross-sectional and case control studies were assessed based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, whereas randomized controlled trials were assessed based on the ROBINS-I tool. In-vitro studies included in this review were assessed using the United States national toxicology program tool. RESULTS: The search strategy yielded a total of 5126 articles and finally 21 articles were included in the review. The influence of war on oral health was categorized among both the children and adult population. A total of 14 studies were carried out in children whereas the remaining seven studies were carried out in adults. A decrease in dental caries was observed in more war-prone areas due to the limited availability of carbohydrates and sugar. Severe periodontal disease in the adult population, mainly due to less availability of food and diminished oral hygiene habits, was also reported. CONCLUSIONS: This review underscores the multifaceted impact of war on oral health, revealing a notable prevalence of periodontal problems, craniofacial injuries and varying rates of dental caries across affected populations.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Zinc is a potent antimicrobial against cariogenic bacteria and effective anti-plaque agent. The present study investigated the efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) varnish to inhibit S. mutans growth, biofilm, acid production, and its antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity. DESIGN: Green synthesized ZnO-NP were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Secondary metabolites were assessed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Anti-oxidant potential was ascertained using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DDPH) assay and cytotoxicity of synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated on human liver cancer (Hep G2) and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293T) cell lines. RESULTS: Synthesized ZnO-NP showed excellent antimicrobial properties against S. mutans, as the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were 0.53 µg/mL, and 1.3 µg/mL respectively. ZnO-NP at 0.1 mg/µl concentration had the greatest zone of inhibition (24 mm), followed by 0.05 mg/µl ZnO-NP (23 mm) and 0.05 mg/µl ampicillin (21 mm). Further, 0.1 mg/µl ZnO-NP varnish inhibited 90 % of S. mutans biofilms and reduced 24 h acid production closest to that of baseline and it also exhibited antioxidant capacity in a dose dependent manner (94 % inhibition-100 µg/mL). Biocompatibility of ZnO-NP varnish was evaluated on Hep G2 and HEK-293T cell lines; and the highest concentration of 0.1 mg/µl ZnO-NP used caused very low cytotoxicity to Hep G2 cells and was non-cytotoxic to HEK-293T cells. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of this study, ZnO-NP varnish was effective in inhibiting S. mutans and holds great potential as an effective anticaries agent.
