Mediterranean springs: Keystone ecosystems and biodiversity refugia threatened by global change.

Mediterranean spring ecosystems are unique habitats at the interface between surface water and groundwater. These ecosystems support a remarkable array of biodiversity and provide important ecological functions and ecosystem services. Spring ecosystems are influenced by abiotic, biotic, and anthropogenic factors such as the lithology of their draining aquifers, their climate, and the land use of their recharge area, all of which affect the water chemistry of the aquifer and the spring discharges. One of the most relevant characteristics of spring ecosystems is the temporal stability of environmental conditions, including physicochemical features of the spring water, across seasons and years. This stability allows a wide range of species to benefit from these ecosystems (particularly during dry periods), fostering an unusually high number of endemic species. However, global change poses important threats to these freshwater ecosystems. Changes in temperature, evapotranspiration, and precipitation patterns can alter the water balance and chemistry of spring water. Eutrophication due to agricultural practices and emergent pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and pesticides, is also a growing concern for the preservation of spring biodiversity. Here, we provide a synthesis of the main characteristics and functioning of Mediterranean spring ecosystems. We then describe their ecological value and biodiversity patterns and highlight the main risks these ecosystems face. Moreover, we identify existing knowledge gaps to guide future research in order to fully uncover the hidden biodiversity within these habitats and understand the main drivers that govern them. Finally, we provide a brief summary of recommended actions that should be taken to effectively manage and preserve Mediterranean spring ecosystems for future generations. Even though studies on Mediterranean spring ecosystems are still scarce, our review shows there are sufficient data to conclude that their future viability as functional ecosystems is under severe threat.

SNAI1-expressing fibroblasts and derived-extracellular matrix as mediators of drug resistance in colorectal cancer patients.

Resistance to antitumor treatments is one of the most important problems faced by clinicians in the management of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) are the main producers and remodelers of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is directly involved in drug resistance mechanisms. Primary Normal Fibroblasts (NFs) and CAFs and cell lines (fibroblasts and tumor cells), were used to generate ECM and to identify its role in the oxaliplatin and cetuximab chemoresistance processes of CRC cells mediated by SNAI1-expressing fibroblasts. Matrices generated by Snai1 KO MEFs (Knockout Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts) confer less resistance on oxaliplatin and cetuximab than wild-type MEF-derived matrices. Similarly, matrices derived from CAFs cause greater survival of colorectal cancer cells than NF-derived matrices, in a similar way to Snai1 expression levels. In addition, Snail1 expression in fibroblasts regulates drug resistance and metabolism gene expression in tumor cells mediated by ECM. Finally, a series of 531 patients (TCGA) with CRC was used to assess the role of SNAI1 expression in patients' prognosis indicating an association between tumor SNAI1 expression and overall survival in colon cancer patients but not in rectal cancer patients. SNAI1 expression in CRC cancer patients, together with in vitro experimentation, suggests the possible use of SNAI1 expression in tumor-associated fibroblasts as a predictive biomarker of response to oxaliplatin and cetuximab treatments in patients with CRC.

[Triage in primary care emergency services]. / Triaje en los servicios de urgencia de atención primaria (sistema de triaje en atención primaria).

OBJECTIVE: To design and validate a triage system for emergency services in primary care. METHODS: A classification of 5 priority levels was used (red, orange, yellow, green and blue). The first phase of the project was documentation, a classification based on the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC2), and grouping the reasons for consultation with their respective decision trees into 97 different codes. The second phase was a pilot with 115 patients in which two independent evaluators performed triage. In the third stage of validation, triage was carried out on patients arriving at the emergency services (23,168 patients) over an eight month period, with continuous monitoring of the results. RESULTS: The level of concordance between two independent observers in the patients of the pilot obtained a Kappa of 0.7. The time of triage was 108.82sec (SD; 94.14). The main reasons for consultation were ear, nose and throat problems (27.6%), respiratory (15.7%), and musculoskeletal (14%). Distribution by priority: red (0.1%), orange (8.3%), yellow (17.9%), green (62.7%), blue (11%). Triage discharges/hospital admittance levels: 3.79/3.36 (P<.05). Professionals agreed with the triage level in more than 99% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The triage system shows good interobserver agreement results, has a good correlation with the referral hospital, and there was no disagreement with the opinion of professionals.