Impact of Psychosocial Factors on the Activity of Crohn's Disease: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Social Support, Stress, and Flare-Up Incidence.

Background/Objectives: Crohn's disease is a chronic and debilitating intestinal disorder that alternates between remission and active flare-ups, often leading to hospitalization. Social support is known to enhance adaptation to the disease and modulate stress perception in patients, while stress may exacerbate symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine the roles of perceived stress and social support in Crohn's disease and their impact on the frequency of flare-ups. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted, assessing stress and social support in a cohort of 91 patients with Crohn's disease during flare-up and remission phases. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) and a Social Support Questionnaire were utilized for evaluation. We examined the relationship between stress and social support in Crohn's disease. The interaction between the variables studied was also observed, considering the stage of the disease. Finally, we carried out an analysis of the influence of these two variables on the development of flare-ups in Crohn's disease. Results: The study revealed that patients experience higher stress levels during flare-ups and that these levels are amplified by a lack of social support. A significant relationship was identified between the levels of social support and the occurrence of flare-ups, indicating that better social support is associated with fewer flare-ups. Conclusions: Patients with Crohn's disease in the flare-up phase are subject to considerable stress. A deficit in social support is linked to an increase in stress levels. The interaction between social support and stress plays a critical role in the development of flare-ups.

Recovery of Naringin-Rich Flavonoid Extracts from Agroresidues with Anxiolytic- and Antidepressant-like Effects in Mice.

Citrus paradisi species belong to the Rutaceae family, and it is commonly known as grapefruit. Grapefruit consumption involves a large amount of waste that goes to landfills and produces significant pollution affecting the human health. To examine this phenomenon, we designed an efficient chemical method that recovers naringin-rich flavonoid extracts from the fresh waste of grapefruits, by using the solvent impregnation resin method (SIR) with XAD-4 amberlite and either methanol or water as elution systems. Additionally, we focused on evaluating these extracts' anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in behavioral predictive paradigms in mice. According to direct Principal Component Analysis (PCA) by NMR, and Direct Injection Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (DIESI-MS), methanol extracts obtained after resin treatment were free of coumarin compounds and evinced had a high content of naringin. Poncirin, phenylalanine, chrysin 5,7-dimethyl ether, 5,7-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxyflavanone, 2,3-dihydro-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, tetrahydrocurcumin, corchoionoside C, 6'-coumaroyl-1'-O-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl]-ß-D-glucopyranoside were also detected. Naringin-rich methanol extract caused a clear anxiolytic-like effect in the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and the Hole-Board (HBT) Tests, increasing oral doses of this extract did not produce a sedative effect. A single oral dose caused an antidepressant-like effect in the Tail Suspension Test (TST), while repeated administrations of the methanol extract elicited a robust antidepressant effect in the Forced Swimming Test (FST) in mice. Our evidence highlights the importance of bioprospecting studies of organic waste with therapeutic potentials, such as anxiety and depression disorders.

Flare-Ups in Crohn's Disease: Influence of Stress and the External Locus of Control.

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to explore the role of perceived stress and the health locus of control in Crohn's disease and their influence upon the development of flare-ups of this disease. (2) Methods: Stress and the external locus of control were evaluated in a sample of 64 Crohn's patients (flare-up phase versus latency phase). The perceived stress scale (PSS-14) and the multidimensional health locus of control scale were the measurement instruments used. (3) Results: The results indicate that the patients have high stress levels during a flare-up (26.13; 27.44; 28.79; 29.67); high stress levels (28.07; 29.67; 27.44; 28.07) if they have a high external locus of control; and that the external locus of control and stress levels have a significant influence upon the existence of flare-ups in those patients with low external locus of control levels (χ2 = 11.127; df = 1: p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Actions aimed at reducing stress and external locus of control levels are necessary in Crohn's disease.

Antidepressant-like effects of a methanol extract of Leonotis nepetifolia in mice.

This study evaluated the antidepressant-like effects of a methanol extract of Leonotis nepetifolia in behavioural tests in mice. Our results showed that a single administration of the extract significantly reduced immobility behaviour in the tail suspension test, while three administrations were necessary to diminish immobility behaviour in the forced swimming test. A daily dose of the extract for 28 days improved body weight gain and significantly reduced corticosterone levels of mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Metabolic profiling of the extract revealed that nepetaefolin, methoxynepataefolin, and 7-O-ß-glucoside luteolin were the main products. Acute and repeated administration of the extract produced antidepressant-like effects in animals subjected to chronic stress. Our results suggest the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal axis participates in the antidepressant actions of the extract. These results show that alterations in behaviour elicited by stress can be prevented with L. nepetifolia treatment.

Calea zacatechichi Schltdl. (Compositae) produces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects, and increases the hippocampal activity during REM sleep in rodents.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Calea zacatechichi is a plant with an extensive popular and ritual use in Mexico. In healthy volunteers, it induces well-being and tranquility senses, and facilitates superficial stages of sleep. However, anxiolytic, and antidepressant-like effects and changes on the sleep-waking stages have not been explored. AIM: To determine anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of an aqueous extract of C. zacatechichi (CZ) in rodents and to analyze their effects on hippocampal activity in the rat sleep-waking cycle. MATERIAL AND METHODS: CZ anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects were evaluated in several mice and rat behavioral paradigms. CZ effects on temporal distribution of sleep were described, and hippocampus EEG frequency patterns were analyzed during the sleep-waking cycle; absolute and relative powers were analyzed during Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and non-REM sleep stages. CZ chemical analysis was performed by UPLC-ESI-MS. RESULTS: CZ produced specific and robust anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in mice and rats, similar to those of prototypical drugs, at doses ranging from 0.5 to 50 mg/kg. CZ at 100 mg/kg produced visible mild sedative effects in rats, associated with a significant increase in Slow Wave Sleep episodes during a 6 h recording, and enhanced fast frequencies of hippocampus (gamma-band:31-50 Hz) during REM sleep. CONCLUSION: Results could support the well-being and tranquility senses reported by healthy consumers, and to explain the oneiric content during dreams and some improvements in cognitive processes described by consumers. Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of this species, reported for first time in this study could improve some aspects of mental health.

Piper auritum Kunth (Piperaceae) improves the sexual performance of sluggish male rats through enhancing ejaculation.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Piper auritum Kunth is employed as an aphrodisiac in the traditional medicine, but corroborative evidence for such effect is scarce. AIM OF THE STUDY: The pro-sexual effect of an aqueous extract of P. auritum and its possible mechanisms were analyzed in two paradigms of male sexual function. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Effects of an aqueous extract of P. auritum (PA, single administration) were investigated in the fictive ejaculation, and copulatory behavior paradigms in sexually sluggish male rats. WAY 100635 (antagonist of 5-HT1A receptors), atosiban (antagonist of oxytocinergic receptors), L-NAME (inhibitor of the nitric oxide synthase) and baclofen (antagonist of GABAB receptors) were used as pre-treatments in order to investigate the role of different neurotransmitter systems in PA actions. Chemical profile of PA was determined by Gases Chromatography and Ultra Performance Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Masses Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). RESULTS: In males with retarded ejaculation, PA stimulated ejaculatory behavior and recovered electromyographic activity of pelvic musculature participating in seminal emission and ejaculation. All pre-treatments blocked stimulating effects of PA on the fictive ejaculation; additionally WAY 100635 interfered with PA actions on ejaculatory behavior. Safrol, apigenin dimethylether, myristicin, vaccihein A, sakuranin and sakuranetin flavonoids, were main constituents of PA, with possible participation in its pro-sexual effects. CONCLUSIONS: Pro-sexual effects of P. auritum elicited at level of ejaculation were mediated by several neurotransmitter systems, among which serotonin and its 5-HT1A receptors play an important role. Present findings support P. auritum reputation as an aphrodisiac, with potential use in delayed ejaculation disorder.

The Timing of Melatonin Administration Is Crucial for Its Antidepressant-Like Effect in Mice.

Melatonin is synthesized by the pineal gland with a circadian rhythm in synchrony with the environmental light/dark cycle. A gradual increase in circulating levels of melatonin occur after lights off, reaching its maximum around the middle of the dark phase. Agonists of melatonin receptors have proved effectiveness as antidepressants in clinical trials. However, there is contradictory evidence about the potential antidepressant effect of melatonin itself. Herein we studied melatonin administration in mice at two zeitgeber times (ZT; ZT = 0 lights on; 12:12 L/D), one hour before the beginning (ZT11) and at the middle (ZT18) of the dark phase after either a single or a three-dose protocol. Behavioral despair was assessed through a forced-swimming test (FST) or a tail suspension test (TST), at ZT18.5. A single dose of 4 mg/kg melatonin at ZT11 was effective to reduce the immobility time in both tests. However, acute administration of melatonin at ZT18 was not effective in mice subjected to FST, and a higher dose (16 mg/kg) was required to reduce immobility time in the TST. A three-dose administration protocol of 16 mg/kg melatonin (ZT18, ZT11, and ZT18) significantly reduced immobility time in FST. Data indicate that the timely administration of melatonin could improve its antidepressant-like effect.

Circadian modulation of neuroplasticity by melatonin: a target in the treatment of depression.

Mood disorders are a spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by changes in the emotional state. In particular, major depressive disorder is expected to have a worldwide prevalence of 20% in 2020, representing a huge socio-economic burden. Currently used antidepressant drugs have poor efficacy with only 30% of the patients in remission after the first line of treatment. Importantly, mood disorder patients present uncoupling of circadian rhythms. In this regard, melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine), an indolamine synthesized by the pineal gland during the night, contributes to synchronization of body rhythms with the environmental light/dark cycle. In this review, we describe evidence supporting antidepressant-like actions of melatonin related to the circadian modulation of neuroplastic changes in the hippocampus. We also present evidence for the role of melatonin receptors and their signalling pathways underlying modulatory effects in neuroplasticity. Finally, we briefly discuss the detrimental consequences of circadian disruption on neuroplasticity and mood disorders, due to the modern human lifestyle. Together, data suggest that melatonin's stimulation of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation is beneficial to patients with mood disorders. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Recent Developments in Research of Melatonin and its Potential Therapeutic Applications. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.16/issuetoc.

Perfil de ingreso de los estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Enfermería en una Institución de Educación Superior / Entry profile of students of the Nursing Degree in a Higher Education Institution

Resumen

Introducción: en la medida en que el sistema de educación superior logre tener mayor información sobre el perfil de los estudiantes, autoridades y profesores estarán en mejores condiciones de cumplir con los objetivos esenciales de la educación.

Objetivo: describir y analizar las características de los estudiantes que ingresan a la Licenciatura en Enfermería en una institución de educación superior.

Metodología: estudio transversal analítico, con 469 alumnos de dos generaciones, previo consentimiento informado se aplicó un cuestionario sobre las características personales, familiares, socioeconómicas y escolares. El análisis fue con el programa estadístico SPSS versión 21, Chi cuadrada y t de student.

Resultados: se encontró asociación entre el sentirse a gusto con la Licenciatura en Enfermería y la elección de la carrera p = 0.000; así como con el deseo de cambiarse de carrera p = 0.000 y con el deseo de estudiar un posgrado en Enfermería p = 0.014. No existe relación entre el promedio del bachillerato y el sexo de los alumnos p = 0.108, con el deseo del alumno para realizar estudios de posgrado p = 0.032, con el espacio para el estudio en casa p = 0.064, ni con el acceso a Internet p = 0.822.

Conclusiones: los factores que facilitan u obstaculizan al estudiante en su tránsito por la licenciatura son: el promedio de bachillerato, las horas de estudio y el gusto por la carrera; así como: el nivel socioeconómico bajo y el grado académico y ocupación de los padres.

Abstract

Introduction: To the extent that the higher education system achieves greater information on the profile of students, authorities and teachers will be better able to meet the essential objectives of education.

Objective: Describe and analyze the characteristics of the students that enter the Nursing Degree in a Higher Education Institution.

Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study, with 469 students from two generations, with prior informed consent, a questionnaire was applied on personal, family, socioeconomic and school characteristics. The analysis was with the SPSS version 21, Chi squared test and Student t test.

Results: An association was found between feeling comfortable with the nursing degree and the choice of career p = 0.000; as well as, with the desire to change career p = 0.000 and with the desire to study a postgraduate nursing degree p = 0.014. There is no relationship between the average of the baccalaureate and the sex of the students p = 0.108; with the desire of the student to carry out postgraduate studies p = 0.032; with the space for home study p = 0.064; and with the Internet access p = 0.822.

Conclusions: The factors that facilitate or hinder the student in their transition through the bachelor's degree are: the high school average, the hours of study and the taste for the career; as well as, the low socioeconomic level and the academic degree and occupation of the parents.

Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of an aqueous extract of Tanacetum parthenium L. Schultz-Bip (Asteraceae) in mice.

AIM: Tanacetum parthenium L. Schultz-Bip (Asteraceae) is widely used worldwide in traditional medicine for the treatment of convulsions and culture-bound syndromes such as susto (fear). The aim of this work was to evaluate the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of an aqueous extract of T. parthenium in behavioral paradigms in mice. The effects of T. parthenium were compared with those produced by anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs. We carried out the chemical characterization of the main constituents of T. parthenium. The involvement with the GABAergic and serotoninergic neurotransmitter systems were explored be means of synergic and antagonist experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anxiolytic-like effect was evaluated using the Burying Behavior Test (BBT) and the Elevated Plus-Maze Test (PMT). The antidepressant-like effect was evaluated in the Forced Swimming Test (FST), and ambulatory activity was assessed in the Open Field Test (OFT). Employing the behavioral tests, synergism and antagonism experiments with Alprazolam, Muscimol, and Picrotoxin were carried out in the PMT. In a series of independent experiments, concomitant administration of T. parthenium and Alprazolam, Fluoxetine, or p-chlorophenylalanine were conducted in the FST. For chemical characterization, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electro Spray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) analysis was performed. RESULTS: T. parthenium exerts clear anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in mice, without affecting the ambulatory activity of the experimental subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like T. parthenium effects result, at least part from the involvement of the GABAergic system. Our results support the use of Tanacetum parthenium in traditional medicine and suggest its therapeutic potential in the comorbid anxiety and depression.

Antidepressant-like and toxicological effects of a standardized aqueous extract of Chrysactinia mexicana A. Gray (Asteraceae) in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: C. mexicana A. Gray (Asteraceae) is a native of North America plant. In Mexico׳s folk medicine it is used for the fever, rheumatism and as a diuretic, antispasmodic, general tonic or adaptogenic herb, and as a stimulant agent. The aim of the study was to examine the antidepressant-like properties of an aqueous extract of C. mexicana (Cm), in order to scientifically describe its potential value in the management of depressive disorders. To evaluate the acute and subacute toxic effects of Cm and effects on hepatic and biochemical functions in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antidepressant-like effects of Cm were evaluated in the Forced swimming and suspension tail tests (FST and TST), the ambulatory activity was measure in the Open Field Test (OFT), motor coordination was evaluated in the inverted screen and gyratory roller (IST and Rota-rod), the biochemical and histopathological analysis were carried out. Phytochemical studies of organic and aqueous extracts of Cm were thoroughly conducted. RESULTS: Cm produced a significant reduction of the immobility time both FST and in TST, without affect the ambulatory activity of experimental mice. Cm did not produce any damage in the hepatic functions, nor produce any significant change in the morphological tissue of organs examined. CONCLUSIONS: Chrysactinia mexicana induces a clear antidepressant-like effect in mice, without affect any basic functions. The consumption of this medicinal plant does not represent risk for health. The chemical analysis showed the flavonoids free and glycosides mainly.

Evaluación y acreditación para impulsar la calidad de los programas educativos / Evaluation and accreditation to promote the quality of educational programs

Resumen:

En todo el mundo la educación superior enfrenta retos particularmente difíciles, como la formación de profesionistas capaces no simplemente de adaptarse a los imprevisibles cambios de la sociedad y de las actividades técnicas, científicas y sociales, sino de generar y conducir dichos cambios; para asumir este reto, se han buscado varias estrategias a nivel mundial. Una de ellas es la acreditación de programas educativos para impulsar la calidad educativa a través de la implantación de programas de evaluación. En los 30 años que lleva desarrollándose la acreditación en México y América Latina ha tenido avances importantes en la creación de una cultura hacia la evaluación, aunque sigue habiendo una serie de retos y desafíos que se deben vencer, en los que se encuentran comprometidos los diferentes actores que participan.

Abstract:

Higher education worldwide, faces particularly difficult challenges, such as the training of professionals able not just to adapt to unpredictable changes in society and the technical activities, scientific and social, but to generate and drive these changes; to take on this challenge several strategies have been sought worldwide, one is the accreditation of educational programs to enhance the quality of education through the implementation of screening programs. In the 30 years they have been developing accreditation in Mexico and Latin America have made significant progress in creating a culture to the evaluation, although there are still a number of challenges to overcome in which different actors are committed to involve.

Anti-depressant-like effect of kaempferitrin isolated from Justicia spicigera Schltdl (Acanthaceae) in two behavior models in mice: evidence for the involvement of the serotonergic system.

We evaluated the antidepressant-like effect of kaempferitrin (Km) isolated from the plant Justicia spicigera (Asteraceae), which is used in traditional medicine for relieving emotional disorders, such as "la tristeza" (sadness or dysthymia) and "el humor" (mood changes). The actions of Km were evaluated in a forced swimming test (FST) and a suspension tail test (TST) in mice. We explored the involvement of the serotonergic system and the hypothalamic-hypophysis-adrenal axis (HPA) in the antidepressant-like effect of Km. To evaluate nonspecific effects of Km on general activity, the open field test (OFT) was performed. Km at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg induced an antidepressant-like effect. Sub-effective dose of Km (1 mg/kg) produced a synergistic effect with imipramine (6.25 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) but not with desipramine (3.12 mg/kg). Pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (PCPA), a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, N-{2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl}-N-(2-pyridinyl)cyclohexecarboxamide (WAY-100635), a selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, and 8OH-DPAT, a selective 5-HT1A agonist, but not pindolol (10 mg/kg) blocked the anti- immobility effect induced by Km. Taken together, these results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of Km is related to the serotonergic system, principally 5-HT1A. This effect was not related to changes in locomotor activity.

Factores escolares y extraescolares que inciden en la trayectoria escolar de estudiantes de enfermería / school and extracurricular factors affecting school career in nursing students

Contexto: Diversas dificultades enfrenta la educación superior en México, en donde el abandono de estudios o la reprobación y el consecuente rezago caracterizan a un porcentaje no despreciable de las trayectorias estudiantiles. Objetivos: 1) Identificar los factores escolares y extraescolares con los que ingresan estudiantes de primer semestre de enfermería. 2) Correlacionar los factores escolares y extraescolares con la trayectoria escolar. Metodología: Estudio longitudinal con 278 estudiantes de enfermería; variables: factores escolares, extraescolares y trayectoria escolar. Se aplicó coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y t de Student. Resultados: El promedio de bachillerato fue de 8.2 y al tercer semestre de 8.0; el 64.7% eligió la carrera como primera opción; el 93.2% tiene una buena relación con su familia, el 55.1% tiene un ingreso familiar mensual de $ 2,001.00 a $ 4,000.00; del total de la generación, el 36.6% no se presentó desde un inicio o se encuentra rezagado; la aprobación al tercer semestre fue del 95.7%. Se encontró una asociación lineal estadísticamente significativa entre factores escolares y extraescolares y la trayectoria escolar. Conclusión: Existe un alto porcentaje de deserción; el rendimiento académico se mantuvo en relación con el bachillerato durante el primer y tercer semestre a pesar de los factores escolares y extraescolares negativos existentes

Context: Several difficulties in Mexican college, where school desertion, failing and continuous delay highlight an appreciable percentage in school history. Objective: Correlate and identify school and extracurricular factors that students on first nursing degree present, and how those impact on their school career. Methodology: Cohort research with 278 8th grade nursing students, variables: school and extracurricular factors, school career, Pearson correlation coefficient was applied and Student t. Results: High school students average was 8.2 on 3rd semester 8.0; 64.7% chose nursing career as first option; 93.2% showed a good relationship with their family; 55.1% with a monthly family income from $ 2,001.00 to $ 4,000.00; from all students 36.6% did not attend or are lagging, from 3rd semester 95.7% approved, was found a linear association statistically significant between school and extracurricular factors and school career. Conclusion: There is a high lagging percentage; school performance remained in high school during 1st and 3rd semester despite school and extracurricular negative factors

Central nervous system effects and chemical composition of two subspecies of Agastache mexicana; an ethnomedicine of Mexico.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Agastache mexicana subspecies mexicana (Amm) and xolocotziana (Amx) are used in Mexican traditional medicine to relief cultural affiliation syndromes known as "susto" or "espanto", for "nervous" condition, and as a sleep aid. Despite its intensive use, neuropharmacological studies are scarce, and the chemical composition of the aqueous extracts has not been described. Aims of the study are: (1) To analyze the chemical composition of aqueous extracts from aerial parts of Amm and Amx. (2) To evaluate the anxiolytic-like, sedative, antidepressant-like effects. (3) Analyze the general toxic effects of different doses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anxiolytic-like and sedative effects were measured in the avoidance exploratory behavior, burying behavior and the hole-board tests. The antidepressant-like actions were studied in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Finally, general activity and motor coordination disturbances were evaluated in the open field, inverted screen and rota-rod tests. The acute toxicity of Amm and Amx was determined by calculating their LD50 (mean lethal dose). The chemical analyses were performed employing chromatographic, photometric and HPLC-ESI-MS techniques. RESULTS: Low doses of Amm and Amx (0.1σ1.0mg/kg) induced anxiolytic-like actions; while higher doses (over 10mg/kg) induced sedation and reduced the locomotor activity, exerting a general inhibition in the central nervous system (CNS). CONCLUSIONS: Results support the use of Amm and Amx in traditional medicine as tranquilizers and sleep inducers. Additionally, this paper contributes to the knowledge of the chemical composition of the aqueous extracts of these plants.

Factores que afectan la trayectoria escolar de egresadas(os) de enfermería / Risk factors affecting school graduates of Nursing

Resumen

Introducción: en la educación se pretende alcanzar patrones de calidad y excelencia, para lograrlo es importante realizar estudios sobre trayectoria escolar.

Objetivos: analizar y correlacionar factores que afectan la trayectoria escolar de egresadas(os) de la cuarta generación de la licenciatura en enfermería y compararlos con las tres generaciones anteriores.

Metodología: estudio con 104 egresados de la cuarta generación de la licenciatura en enfermería de la FES Iztacala. Se incluyó como variable dependiente trayectoria escolar y como independiente factores que intervienen. Se aplicó instrumento que obtuvo un alpha de Crombach de 0.942 y se aplicaron pruebas de correlación. Se retomó información de las tres generaciones anteriores.

Resultados: 58.7 % de las tres primeras generaciones y 59 % de la cuarta eligió la carrera como primera opción, el promedio de ingreso y de egreso aumenta de 8.25 a 8.80 en las tres primeras generaciones y de 8.48 a 8.70 en la cuarta, 84.3 % tuvieron siempre apoyo económico por parte de los padres, en 83.7 % la dinámica familiar fue propicia para sus estudios, los módulos muy complejos fueron: Procesos homeostáticos, Enfermería en la Salud del Adulto y Metodología de la Investigación, 80.7 % recibió apoyo académico de sus profesores. Se obtuvo χ2 = 3.613, gl = 2, p = 0.164, en general los factores son los mismos para todas las generaciones.

Discusión: los resultados coinciden con los de Acevedo y Meuly (2007), el promedio del bachillerato se mantiene en la licenciatura.

Conclusiones: la trayectoria escolar en relación al aprovechamiento, mejoró respecto al bachillerato no obstante la presencia de factores adversos.

Summary

Introduction: in education to reach quality standards and excellence, it is important to make a research about the school career.

Objective: analyze and correlate the factors affecting the school careers of graduated students of the fourth generation of nursing degree and compare the results with three generations before.

Methodology: a research of 104 graduated students of Nursing degree fourth generation of FES Iztacala. Was included as the dependent variable the school career and as the independent variable the factors affecting. A Test was used to obtain a Cronbach's alpha of 0.942 and correlation tests were applied. Information about three generations before was taken.

Results: 58.7 % of the first three generations and 59 % of the fourth one chose the career at first, the in and out average increase from 8.25 to 8.80 in the three generations before, and from 8.48 to 8.70 in the fourth, 87 % had always economic support from their parents, 83.7 % had family provision to study, hard modules were: Homeostatic processes, Nursing Adult Health and Research Methodology, 80.7 % received academic support from their teachers. Was obtained χ2= 3,613, df = 2, p = 0. 164, in general the factors are the same for all generations.

Discussion: results coincide with the Acevedo’s and Meuly (2007), most of high school students continue in Nursing degree.

Conclusions: school careers related to development, improved in high school despite of adverse factors.