Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 7 de 7
Filtrar
Mais filtros










Intervalo de ano de publicação
1.
Pharmacy (Basel) ; 6(2)2018 Jun 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29880765

RESUMO

In order to assess the effects of prescription-only (Rx) to over-the-counter (OTC) drug switches and related policies, it is imperative to distinguish self-medication from OTC drug use. The objective of this study was to estimate the OTC drug use in the adult population in Germany, to identify its predictors and to highlight methodological differences when compared to the study of a self-medication prevalence. Seven-day prevalence of OTC drug use was calculated on the basis of information provided by 7091 participants of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1) conducted between 2008 to 2011. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of OTC drug use. Seven-day prevalence of OTC drug use was higher in women (47.16%) than in men (33.17%). Female gender, an age of more than 60 years, reduced health status, Rx drug use, and multi-morbidity were identified as predictors of OTC drug use. The levels of OTC drug use were higher than the self-medication prevalence found in the same data set probably because some OTC drugs are commonly prescribed by physicians. Drug utilization studies should, therefore, make a methodological distinction between self-medication and OTC drug use depending on whether the focus is on drug safety or the impact of regulatory decisions on the trade status.

2.
Eur J Clin Pharmacol ; 73(7): 901-910, 2017 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28352949

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Little is known about the extent of switches from prescription-only (Rx) to over-the-counter (OTC) status in Europe and about the pharmacological properties of the switched substances. The objectives of this study were to provide an overview of the substances that were switched from Rx to OTC status in Germany between 2006 and 2015 and to assess their pharmacological properties. METHODS: Session minutes of the German Expert Advisory Committee for Prescription-Only Issues, changes to the German Ordinance on Prescription-Only Medicines and the Summary of Product Characteristics of the switched substances were analysed. Pharmacological properties were studied in relation to the EU Guideline on Changing the Classification for the Supply of a Medicinal Product for Human Use (the 'EU switch guide'). RESULTS: Between 2006 and 2015, seven substances (almotriptan, omeprazole, benzydamine, ibuprofen/pseudoephedrine, racecadotril, ketotifen and levonorgestrel) were switched from Rx to OTC status in Germany. In all cases, the OTC status was restricted to certain indications, doses, pack sizes, or other limitations. Notwithstanding recommendations of the EU switch guide, some of the switched substances might interact with commonly used drugs potentially resulting in serious adverse drug reactions or have contraindications or warnings regarding substantial parts of the population. CONCLUSIONS: The stipulations of the EU switch guide were fully met for only some switches, while this was not completely the case for others. Further development of guidance on balancing risks and benefits of OTC availability is recommended.


Assuntos
Legislação de Medicamentos , Medicamentos sem Prescrição , Medicamentos sob Prescrição , Interações Medicamentosas , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos , União Europeia , Alemanha , Humanos
3.
Copenhague; Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Bureau régional de l’Europe; 2017.
em Francês | WHO IRIS | ID: who-329542

RESUMO

Selon les Directives de qualité pour l’eau de boisson de l’OMS, la mise en place d’un plan de gestion de la sécurité sanitaire de l’eau (PGSSE) constitue l’approche la plus efficace en vue d’assurer une alimentation continue en eau potable. Même si l’alimentation en eau potable dans les zones rurales et les petites villes ne cesse de poser d’importants problèmes dans l’ensemble de la Région européenne de l’OMS, l’approche PGSSE s’est révélée efficace pour les systèmes d'approvisionnement en eau à petite échelle. Le présent guide pratique vise à faciliter la mise en oeuvre du PGSSE dans les petites communautés en fournissant de courtes explications sur ce processus et des modèles pratiques utilisables sur le terrain.


Assuntos
Água Potável , Gestão de Riscos , População Rural , Qualidade da Água , Abastecimento de Água
4.
Копенгаген; Всемирная организация здравоохранения. Европейское региональное бюро; 2016.
em Russo | WHO IRIS | ID: who-329545

RESUMO

Доступ к адекватным услугам водоснабжения и санитарии является важнейшей предпосылкой хорошего здоровья отдельной личности и всего населения. Люди, которые обслуживаются маломасштабными системами в сельской местности и в малых городах, имеют право на такой же уровень охраны здоровья, как и все остальные. Достижение Целей 3 и 6, сформулированных в Повестке дня в области устойчивого развития на период до 2030 г., требует ведения борьбы с заболеваниями, передающимися через воду, и обеспечения к 2030 г. всеобщего и справедливого доступа как к безопасной питьевой воде, так и к адекватной санитарии для всех. Для обеспечения всеобщего доступа необходимо обращать должное внимание на особенности и трудности, которые могут мешать маломасштабным системам водоснабжения и санитарии предоставлять безопасные и устойчивые в долгосрочной перспективе услуги. Улучшение положения дел в таких системах является одной из приоритетных областей деятельности, предусмотренных Протоколом по проблемам воды и здоровья к Конвенции по охране и использованию трансграничных водотоков и международных озер 1992 г. В рамках этой деятельности и была подготовлена предлагаемая публикация. Она предназначена для того, чтобы поддержать принятие действенных мер на уровне политики и способствовать укоренению передовой практики с целью создания благоприятной среды, в которой можно улучшить ситуацию в отношении маломасштабных систем. Публикация знакомит читателя с разнообразными инструментами, которые могут применяться лицами, формирующими политику, и показывает, как эти инструменты можно приспособить к особенностям маломасштабных систем. В ней также представлен целый ряд примеров из практики, в которых иллюстрируется, как страны по своей инициативе предпринимали меры по улучшению положения дел в маломасштабных системах.


Assuntos
Abastecimento de Água , Água Potável , Qualidade da Água , Saneamento , Europa (Continente)
5.
Copenhagen; World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; 2016.
em Inglês | WHO IRIS | ID: who-329544

RESUMO

Access to adequate water and sanitation services is essential for good individual and population health. People served by small-scale systems in rural areas and small towns have the right to the same level of health protection as others. Goals 3 and 6 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development call for combating of waterborne diseases and for ensuring universal and equitable access to both safe drinking-water and adequate sanitation for all by 2030. To achieve universal access, due attention needs to be paid to the particularities and challenges that may impair the provision of safe and sustainable services by small-scale water supply and sanitation systems. Improving the situation of such systems is a priority area under the Protocol on Water and Health to the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes. This publication was developed under the Protocol; it aims to support effective policy action and promote good practices for creating an enabling environment in which to improve the situation of small-scale systems. It introduces a variety of tools that are available to policy-makers and highlights how these can be tailored to the particularities of small-scale systems. It also presents a number of case studies that illustrate how countries have taken the initiative to improve the situation of small systems.


Assuntos
Abastecimento de Água , Água Potável , Qualidade da Água , Saneamento , Europa (Continente)
6.
Копенгаген; Всемирная организация здравоохранения. Европейское региональное бюро; 2014.
em Russo | WHO IRIS | ID: who-329540

RESUMO

Подход, предполагающий разработку и реализацию “Плана обеспечения безопасности воды” (ПОБВ),рекомендован в Руководстве ВОЗ по обеспечению качества питьевой воды как наиболее действенныйспособ, позволяющий бесперебойно снабжать потребителей безопасной питьевой водой. Проблемыи трудности, связанные со снабжением питьевой водой населения сельских районов и малых городов,вызывают серьезную озабоченность во всем Европейском регионе ВОЗ, однако подход к решениюэтих проблем, в основе которого лежит ПОБВ, доказал свою эффективность в маломасштабныхсистемах водоснабжения. Предлагаемое практическое руководство, в котором содержатся краткиепояснения процесса разработки и осуществления ПОБВ и готовые к практическому использованиюформы документов для использования в реальных условиях, предназначено для того, чтобы помочьвнедрить методику и принципы ПОБВ в небольших общинах.


Assuntos
Água Potável , Gestão de Riscos , População Rural , Qualidade da Água , Abastecimento de Água
7.
Copenhagen; World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; 2014.
em Inglês | WHO IRIS | ID: who-329537

RESUMO

The WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality recommend the water safety plan (WSP) approach as the most effective way of ensuring continuous provision of safe drinking-water. The challenges related to drinking-water supply in rural areas and small towns are of notable concern across the entire WHO European Region, but the WSP approach has been proven to work effectively in small-scale water supplies. This field guide aims to support WSP implementation in small communities by providing brief explanations of the WSP process and practical templates for field use.


Assuntos
Água Potável , Gestão de Riscos , População Rural , Qualidade da Água , Abastecimento de Água
SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA
...