Trigger Thumb, Trigger Finger and Clasped Thumb.

Finger deformities are a common reason for medical observation in children. Subtle clinical differences can have a significant impact on the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Identification of the basic diagnostic and treatment principles of trigger thumb, trigger finger, and clasped thumb is of paramount importance to all general practitioners, pediatricians, and orthopedic surgeons who are involved in the care of children. The purpose of this article is to review the most important concepts regarding these important topics, focusing on etiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

Neonatal upper limb fractures - a narrative overview of the literature.

The aim of this paper is to review the topic of neonatal fractures of the upper limb, describing the different types of fractures focusing on the etiology, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical approach, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of these injuries. We included all types of research studies, both experimental and observational, published in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. The information was obtained using the keywords neonatal upper limb fracture, clavicle fracture or humerus fracture from the following resources: MEDLINE database, Embase® database and LILACS database. Other resources such as hand searches of the references of retrieved literature and authoritative texts, personal and hospital libraries searching for texts on upper limb neonatal fractures, discussions with experts in the field of upper limb neonatal fractures and personal experience, were also considered for the completion of the article.Neonatal fractures of the upper limb are consensually considered to have a good prognosis and no long-term sequelae. Conservative treatment is the option in the vast majority of the fractures and is associated with excellent results, with good healing, full range of motion, adequate remodeling without obvious deformity, neurologic impairment or functional implications.

A Paleogenomic Reconstruction of the Deep Population History of the Andes.

There are many unanswered questions about the population history of the Central and South Central Andes, particularly regarding the impact of large-scale societies, such as the Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku, and Inca. We assembled genome-wide data on 89 individuals dating from ∼9,000-500 years ago (BP), with a particular focus on the period of the rise and fall of state societies. Today's genetic structure began to develop by 5,800 BP, followed by bi-directional gene flow between the North and South Highlands, and between the Highlands and Coast. We detect minimal admixture among neighboring groups between ∼2,000-500 BP, although we do detect cosmopolitanism (people of diverse ancestries living side-by-side) in the heartlands of the Tiwanaku and Inca polities. We also highlight cases of long-range mobility connecting the Andes to Argentina and the Northwest Andes to the Amazon Basin. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

[Informed Consent - Vision and Perspectives of Adolescents, Parents and Professionals: Multicentric Study in Six Hospitals].

INTRODUCTION: According to the Convention on the Rights of Children and the national standards of the Portuguese Directorate-General for Health, adolescents have the right to make decisions about their own health. The aim of this study was to identify the dynamics of the implementation of assent and informed consent in hospital settings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional and multicentre study based on surveys, which included adolescents from 14 to 18 years and their parents. Heads of departments of Pediatrics and attending physicians were also interviewed. RESULTS: 194 responses from adolescents and parents were collected, and 46 interviews were conducted with physicians and heads of department. Adolescents and parents consider participation in decision making important, but parents value their own participation significantly higher (91.7% vs 47.8%, p < 0.001 in the 14 - 15 year group, 91.8% vs 53, (89.6% vs 69.6%, p = 0.016 in the 14 - 15 year group, 91.8% vs 69.4%, p = 0.005 in the 16 - 17 years group). Information leaflets are difficult to understand by teenagers. The eight heads of department felt that doctors have awareness towards communication with teenagers but have little time available. Of the 38 attending physicians, 36 said they had learned from their older colleagues and confirmed gaps in postgraduate training. DISCUSSION: This pioneering study in Portugal enabled the identification of areas that can be optimized, through health education programs for parents and adolescents, written information that is adequate to the different age groups, training in undergraduate education for medical students and also education in health institutions for professionals. CONCLUSION: Adolescents and parents, are unaware of legal and ethical standards for consent and assent. The implementation of the adolescents' right to informed assent / informed consent was not observed. Our proposal is to implement local programs for adolescents and parents.

Introdução: A Convenção sobre os Direitos das Crianças e normas nacionais da Direção Geral da Saúde conferem aos adolescentes o direito às decisões sobre a sua saúde. O objectivo deste estudo foi identificar as dinâmicas de implementação do assentimento e do consentimento informado, em ambiente hospitalar. Material e Métodos: Estudo transversal e multicêntrico realizado a partir de inquéritos. Incluídos adolescentes dos 14 aos 18 anos e pais respectivos. Foram ainda entrevistados os diretores de serviço e assistentes hospitalares. Resultados: Obtiveram-se 194 respostas de adolescentes e pais e efetuaram-se 46 entrevistas a médicos e diretores dos serviços. Adolescentes e pais consideram importante a participação no processo de decisão mas os pais valorizam de forma significativamente superior a sua participação (91,7% vs 47,8%, p < 0,001 no grupo 14 - 15 anos; 91,8% vs 53,1%, p = 0,001, no grupo 16 - 17 anos), bem como a do médico (89,6% vs 69,6%, p = 0,016 no grupo 14 - 15 anos; 91,8% vs 69,4%, p = 0,005 no grupo 16 - 17 anos). Os folhetos informativos são pouco perceptíveis pelos adolescentes. Os oito diretores consideraram que os médicos estão sensibilizados para comunicar com os adolescentes mas têm pouco tempo disponível. Dos 38 assistentes, 36 afirma ter aprendido com os colegas mais velhos e confirmam lacunas na formação pós graduada. Discussão: Este estudo pioneiro em Portugal permitiu a identificação de áreas passíveis de otimização, através de programas da educação para a saúde para pais e adolescentes, informação escrita adequada à idade e formação no ensino pré graduado para estudantes de Medicina e educação nas instituições de saúde para os profissionais. Conclusão: Os adolescentes e pais desconhecem as normas legais e éticas quanto ao consentimento e assentimento. Não fica demonstrada a implementação do direito dos adolescentes ao assentimento informado / consentimento informado. Propõem-se programas locais de sensibilização para adolescentes e pais.

Narcolepsy in pediatric age - Experience of a tertiary pediatric hospital.

Narcolepsy, a chronic disorder of the sleep-wake cycle of multifactorial etiology, is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, often associated with cataplexy, hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations and sleep paralysis. Both early clinical suspicion and therapeutic approach are essential for promotion of cognitive development and social integration of these children. The authors present a descriptive retrospective study of a series of eight children in whom symptoms first started between 6.8 and 10.5 years of age. Diagnostic delay ranged from 4 months to 2 years. One child had H1N1 flu vaccination eight months before the clinical onset. The first multiple sleep latency test was positive in 6 of 8 cases. All cases were treated with methylphenidate, and venlafaxine was associated in 4 of them. In one case the initial therapy was exclusively behavioral. In all cases, symptomatic improvement, better school performance and social integration were achieved after therapeutic adjustment.