Urbanization effects on the composition and structure of macrophytes communities in a lotic ecosystem of Pernambuco State, Brazil / Efeitos da urbanização na composição e estrutura de comunidades de macrófitas aquáticas em um ecossistema lótico do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Population growth in urban areas changes freshwater ecosystems, and this can have consequences for macrophyte communities as can be seen in the municipalities that border the Capibaribe River, Pernambuco, Brazil. This study reports the effects of urbanization on the composition and structure of macrophyte communities in areas along that river. The following urbanized and non-urbanized sampling sites were chosen: Sites 1 and 2 (municipality of Santa Cruz do Capibaribe), Sites 3 and 4 (municipality of Toritama), and Sites 5 and 6 (metropolitan region of Recife). These sites were visited every two months from January to July 2013 to observe seasonal variation (wet and dry seasons). Thirty-one species were identified. Generally, the non-urbanized sites had a higher number of species. Multivariate analyses indicated significant overall differences between urbanized and non-urbanized areas (R = 0.044; p 0.001) and between seasons (R = 0.018; p 0.019). Owing to the large variation in physical, chemical, and biological characteristics between urbanized and non-urbanized areas, we found that urbanization significantly influenced the floristic composition and structure of macrophyte communities.(AU)

O crescimento populacional em áreas urbanas causa alterações em ecossistemas aquáticos continentais com consequência sobre as comunidades de macrófitas. Este fato vem ocorrendo nos municípios que margeiam o rio Capibaribe, Pernambuco, Brasil. Este trabalho analisa os efeitos da urbanização sobre a composição e estrutura das macrófitas em trechos do referido Rio. Levando em consideração áreas urbanizadas e não urbanizadas, foram escolhidos os seguintes Pontos de Coleta: Pontos 1 e 2 no Município de Santa Cruz do Capibaribe, Pontos 3 e 4 no Município de Toritama, Pontos 5 e 6 na Região Metropolitana do Recife. Estes pontos foram visitados bimestralmente (janeiro julho/2013), para a observação da variação sazonal (estações seca e chuvosa). Foram identificadas 31 espécies. Geralmente, os pontos das áreas não urbanizadas apresentaram um número maior de espécies. As análises multivariadas indicaram diferenças globais significativas entre áreas urbanizadas e não urbanizadas (R = 0,044, p 0,001) e também entre as estações (R = 0,018; p 0,019). Devido à grande variação física, química e biológica entre as áreas urbanizadas e não urbanizadas, observou-se que o fator urbanização influenciou significativamente na composição florística e na estrutura das comunidades de macrófitas.(AU)

Urbanization effects on the composition and structure of macrophytes communities in a lotic ecosystem of Pernambuco State, Brazil / Efeitos da urbanização na composição e estrutura de comunidades de macrófitas aquáticas em um ecossistema lótico do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Abstract Population growth in urban areas changes freshwater ecosystems, and this can have consequences for macrophyte communities as can be seen in the municipalities that border the Capibaribe River, Pernambuco, Brazil. This study reports the effects of urbanization on the composition and structure of macrophyte communities in areas along that river. The following urbanized and non-urbanized sampling sites were chosen: Sites 1 and 2 (municipality of Santa Cruz do Capibaribe), Sites 3 and 4 (municipality of Toritama), and Sites 5 and 6 (metropolitan region of Recife). These sites were visited every two months from January to July 2013 to observe seasonal variation (wet and dry seasons). Thirty-one species were identified. Generally, the non-urbanized sites had a higher number of species. Multivariate analyses indicated significant overall differences between urbanized and non-urbanized areas (R = 0.044; p < 0.001) and between seasons (R = 0.018; p < 0.019). Owing to the large variation in physical, chemical, and biological characteristics between urbanized and non-urbanized areas, we found that urbanization significantly influenced the floristic composition and structure of macrophyte communities.

Resumo O crescimento populacional em áreas urbanas causa alterações em ecossistemas aquáticos continentais com consequência sobre as comunidades de macrófitas. Este fato vem ocorrendo nos municípios que margeiam o rio Capibaribe, Pernambuco, Brasil. Este trabalho analisa os efeitos da urbanização sobre a composição e estrutura das macrófitas em trechos do referido Rio. Levando em consideração áreas urbanizadas e não urbanizadas, foram escolhidos os seguintes Pontos de Coleta: Pontos 1 e 2 no Município de Santa Cruz do Capibaribe, Pontos 3 e 4 no Município de Toritama, Pontos 5 e 6 na Região Metropolitana do Recife. Estes pontos foram visitados bimestralmente (janeiro – julho/2013), para a observação da variação sazonal (estações seca e chuvosa). Foram identificadas 31 espécies. Geralmente, os pontos das áreas não urbanizadas apresentaram um número maior de espécies. As análises multivariadas indicaram diferenças globais significativas entre áreas urbanizadas e não urbanizadas (R = 0,044, p < 0,001) e também entre as estações (R = 0,018; p < 0,019). Devido à grande variação física, química e biológica entre as áreas urbanizadas e não urbanizadas, observou-se que o fator urbanização influenciou significativamente na composição florística e na estrutura das comunidades de macrófitas.

Urbanization effects on the composition and structure of macrophytes communities in a lotic ecosystem of Pernambuco State, Brazil.

Population growth in urban areas changes freshwater ecosystems, and this can have consequences for macrophyte communities as can be seen in the municipalities that border the Capibaribe River, Pernambuco, Brazil. This study reports the effects of urbanization on the composition and structure of macrophyte communities in areas along that river. The following urbanized and non-urbanized sampling sites were chosen: Sites 1 and 2 (municipality of Santa Cruz do Capibaribe), Sites 3 and 4 (municipality of Toritama), and Sites 5 and 6 (metropolitan region of Recife). These sites were visited every two months from January to July 2013 to observe seasonal variation (wet and dry seasons). Thirty-one species were identified. Generally, the non-urbanized sites had a higher number of species. Multivariate analyses indicated significant overall differences between urbanized and non-urbanized areas (R = 0.044; p < 0.001) and between seasons (R = 0.018; p < 0.019). Owing to the large variation in physical, chemical, and biological characteristics between urbanized and non-urbanized areas, we found that urbanization significantly influenced the floristic composition and structure of macrophyte communities.

One- and two-photon absorption of fluorescein dianion in water: a study using S-QM/MM methodology and ZINDO method.

One- and two-photon absorption (1PA and 2PA) of fluorescein dianion (FSD) in water were studied using a combined and sequential Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Dynamics methodology. Different sets of 250 statistically relevant (uncorrelated) configurations composed by the solute and several solvent molecules were sampled from the classical simulation. On these configurations, the electronic properties were calculated a posteriori using the Zerner's intermediate neglect of differential overlap (ZINDO) method. The linear and nonlinear absorption of FSD in water were calculated using discrete and explicit solvent models. In the largest case, the relevant configurations are composed by FSD and 47 explicit water molecules embedded in the electrostatic field of all remaining water molecules. Both INDO/CIS and INDO/CISD calculations were performed to study the absorption processes of FSD and the Sum-Over-States (SOS) model was used to describe the 2PA process. A semi-classical method for spectrum simulations was employed to simulate the 1PA and 2PA cross-section spectra of FSD in water. For comparison purposes, in the case of the 2PA process two approaches, the "full expression" and "resonant expression" methods, were employed to simulate the nonlinear spectrum. The last method assumes resonant conditions and on the computation point of view it represents an interesting option to study the 2PA process. The INDO/CI calculations give a satisfactory description of the 1PA spectrum of FSD and properly describe the unusual blue-shift of its first π→π(*) transition in water. In the case of 2PA, the introduction of doubly excited configuration interactions (INDO/CISD) has proven to be essential for an appropriate description of the process at the higher energy spectral region. It was observed that the solvent effects do not drastically change the cross-sections of both processes. The simulated 2PA cross-section spectrum provided by the "full expression" method presents a better definition of the bands which appear along the experimental spectrum than the one provided by the "resonant expression" method. However, both approaches provide similar description for the effect of the solvent environment on the 2PA process of FSD in water.

Mercury contents in aquatic macrophytes from two reservoirs in the Paraíba do Sul: Guandú river system, SE Brazil.

This paper reports on a study to determine the Hg content in the five most abundant aquatic macrophyte species (Elodea densa, Sagittaria montevidensis, Salvinia auriculata, Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes) in two artificial reservoirs flooded by water diverted from the Paraíba do Sul river, SE Brazil. The potential of these species for Hg accumulation and their role in Hg transport along the river system due to macrophyte management were evaluated. Mercury concentrations were higher in free-floating than in rooted species. Roots were also richer in Hg than were leaves. Dry weight Hg concentrations in leaves and roots from all species varied from 46-246 ng.g(-1) to 37-314 ng.g(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those reported for uncontaminated lakes in Brazil and in other tropical areas and similar to those reported for moderately contaminated sites. Mercury concentrations can be attributed to fluvial transport from the heavily industrialized Paraíba do Sul river basin. Intensive sampling of Pistia stratiotes from two sites in the Vigário reservoir was performed to evaluate the capacity of Hg incorporation in short periods of time. The results showed a significant negative correlation between Hg content and size class of individual plants, demonstrating the importance of juveniles, fast growing plants in absorbing Hg. The foremost impact related to Hg contents in the studied area concerns the periodic removal of macrophytes for reservoir management, followed by disposal in nearby areas. This results in the mobilization of 0.52 to 1.3 Kg of Hg per year, a significant fraction of the Hg burden present in reservoir waters. Disposal of such material may result in Hg leaching to river systems, affecting the Hg transfer throughout the basin.

Mercury contents in aquatic macrophytes from two reservoirs in the Paraíba do Sul: Guandú river system, SE Brazil

O presente estudo apresenta as concentrações de Hg em cinco espécies abundantes de macrófitas aquáticas (Elodea densa, Sagittaria montevidensis, Salvinia auriculata, Pistia stratiotes e Eichhornia crassipes) coletadas em duas represas que recebem águas da transposição do rio Paraíba do Sul, SE do Brasil. A acumulação de Hg nessas espécies e seu papel no transporte de Hg ao longo do sistema fluvial devido ao manejo das macrófitas são discutidos. As concentrações de Hg foram maiores nas macrófitas flutuantes que nas enraizadas. Em geral, as raízes apresentaram maiores concentrações de Hg que as folhas para todas as espécies. As concentrações de Hg variaram de acordo com as espécies entre 46-246 ng.g-1 e 37-314 ng.g-1, respectivamente. Estas concentrações são maiores que aquelas relatadas para macrófitas coletadas em lagos não contaminados no Brasil e em outras regiões tropicais, e similares àquelas relatadas para áreas moderadamente contaminadas. As concentrações de Hg podem ser atribuídas ao transporte fluvial a partir da região industrializada do vale do rio Paraíba do Sul. Uma amostragem intensiva de Pistia stratiotes na represa do Vigário foi realizada para avaliar a capacidade de incorporação de Hg por esta macrófita. Os resultados mostraram uma correlação negativa, significativa, entre as concentrações de Hg e o tamanho dos indivíduos, demonstrando a importância de juvenis desta espécie na absorção de Hg. A retirada periódica de macrófitas da represa, seguida por sua disposição em áreas adjacentes, pode afetar a dinâmica do Hg. Os resultados mostram uma mobilização de 0,52 a 1,3 kg Hg por ano, uma fração significativa da carga total de Hg presente nas águas da represa. A disposição inadequada deste material poderá resultar em um aumento da mobilização de Hg na bacia.