Cardioprotective effect of the quercetin on cardiovascular remodeling and atherosclerosis in rodents fed a high-fat diet: A systematic review.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death globally, estimated at 17.9 million premature deaths. Several risk factors contribute to the development of CVD, including unhealthy diet rich in saturated fat. Quercetin (Q) is a important natural flavonoid with cardioprotective effect. However, it is crucial to understand and clarify which dosages and intervention times quercetin promotes better cardioprotective effects when exposed to a High-Fat Diet (HFD). We aim was to carry out a review to identify and compare experimental studies that investigated the quercetin effect on cardiac parameters in rodents fed a HFD. This literature search was performed through the specialized databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Lilacs in May 2022. The following information was collected and assessed: Species of animals, dietary fat content, intervention protocol (quercetin), and main results of alterations associated with cardiac change. A total of 116 articles were selected from the database and 30 articles were included in this study. The administration form of quercetin was used in the diet supplemented in 73.4% (n = 22) of the studies. The dosage ranged between 10 and 100 mg/kg, 0.01%-0.36%, and 4-8 g/kg diet. The treatment time ranged between 14 and 63 days in 48.4% studies and most of the selected studies observed changes in the: Serum concentrations of lipids (60%, n = 18) mainly decrease in TC and TG, left ventricle (LV) (16.13%, n = 5) includes attenuation of the cardiac hypertrophy; inhibition of atherosclerotic progression (32%, n = 10) with decrease in lesions and plaque formation; improvement in the expression of gene and protein associated with cardiac functionality and oxidative stress (51.6%; n = 16). Quercetin supplementation at different concentrations/doses promotes important cardioprotective effects in experimental models exposed to a HFD. The supplemented diet was shown to be the better administration option. The methodological variation presented in the articles selected in this review proves that the most appropriate intervention protocol, as well as the most effective route of administration, promotes these effects.

Perinatal and post-weaning exposure to a high-fat diet causes histomorphometric, neuroplastic, and histopathological changes in the rat ileum.

Exposure to a diet with a high saturated fat content can influence the characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract, causing losses in the absorption of nutrients and favoring the appearance of diseases. The objective was to assess the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) in the perinatal (pregnancy and lactation) and post-weaning period on the histomorphometry, neuroplasticity, and histopathology of the ileum. Wistar rats were divided into four subgroups: Control/Control (CC, n = 10) rats fed a control diet (C) throughout the trial period; Control/HFD (CH, n = 9) rats fed diet C (perinatal) and HFD after weaning; HFD/Control (HC, n = 10) rats fed HFD (perinatal) and diet C (post-weaning); HFD/HFD (HH, n = 9) rats fed HFD throughout the experimental period. There was atrophy of the Ileum wall with a reduction in the muscular tunic, submucosa, and mucosa thickness in the HH group of 37%, 28%, and 46%, respectively (p < 0.0001). The depth of the crypts decreased by 29% (p < 0.0001) and height increased by 5% (p < 0.0013). Villus height decreased by 41% and 18% in HH and HC groups (p < 0.0001) and width decreased by 11% in the HH (p < 0.0001). The height of the enterocytes decreased by 18% in the HH (p < 0.0001). There was a decrease in the area of the myenteric and submucosal plexus ganglia in the HH and HC groups (p < 0.0001). The number, occupation, and granules of Paneth cells increased in the HH and HC groups (p < 0.0001). Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) increased in all groups exposed to the HFD. Goblet cells decreased in groups CH and HH (p < 0.0001). The evidence from this study suggests that the HFD had altered the histomorphometry, neuroplasticity, and histopathology of the ileum of the rats.

Modulation of hypothalamic AMPK and hypothalamic neuropeptides in the control of eating behavior: A systematic review.

Eating behavior is regulated by central and peripheral signals, which interact to modulate the response to nutrient intake. Central control is mediated by the hypothalamus through neuropeptides that activate the orexigenic and anorexigenic pathways. Energy homeostasis depends on the efficiency of these regulatory mechanisms. This neuroendocrine regulation of hunger and appetite can be modulated by nutritional sensors such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Thus, this systematic review discusses the literature on correlations between AMPK and hypothalamic neuropeptides regarding control of eating behavior. Lilacs, PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science were searched for articles published from 2009 to 2021 containing combinations of the following descriptors: "eating behavior," "hypothalamus," "neuropeptide," and "AMPK." Of the 1330 articles found initially, 27 were selected after application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the selected articles, 15 reported decreased AMPK activity, due to interventions using angiotensin II infusion, fructose, glucose, cholecystokinin, leptin, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection; dietary control through a low-protein diet or a high-fat diet (60 % fat); induction of hyperthyroidism; or injection of AMPK inhibitors. Seven studies showed a decrease in neuropeptide Y (NPY) through CV4 AICAR administration; fructose, glucose, leptin, or angiotensin II injections; or infusion of LPS from Escherichia coli and liver kinase B1 (LKB1) overexpression. Eleven studies reported a decrease in food consumption due to a decrease in AMPK activity and/or hypothalamic neuropeptides such as NPY. The results indicate that there is a relationship between AMPK and the control of eating behavior: a decrease in AMPK activity due to a dietary or non-dietary stimulus is associated with a consequent decrease in food intake. Furthermore, AMPK activity can be modulated by glucose, thyroid hormones, estradiol, leptin, and ghrelin.

Exposure to a high-fat diet during intrauterine life and post-birth causes cardiac histomorphometric changes in rats: A systematic review.

Cardiac histomorphometric changes are conditions present as an adaptive response to increased cardiovascular demand, such as in obesity or the consumption of a high-fat diet. Epidemiologic studies show an increase in maternal obese individuals, with repercussions on offspring cardiovascular health. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to systematically review studies that evaluated cardiac histomorphometric changes in rodents exposed to a high-fat diet. DATA SOURCE: PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, Web of Science and Lilacs. DATA EXTRACTION: Animal species, percentage of dietary fat, period and time of exposure and main cardiac change results were extracted. DATA ANALYSIS: A total of 1687 studies were found, and 20 met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. A maternal high-fat diet was started 3 to 4 weeks before mating in most (70%) of the studies. Nutritional manipulation of offspring was initiated during pregnancy and maintained until the end of lactation in most (45%) of the studies. The fat percentage of high-fat diets ranged between 20% and 62%. The studies showed increases in cardiomyocytes, left ventricle size, and whole heart hypertrophy. Some studies showed increased thickness of the middle intima layer of the aorta and atherosclerosis. Studies that maintained a high-fat diet after the lactation period also showed an increase in cardiac hypertrophy. CONCLUSION: Maternal exposure to a hyperlipidic diet in the fetal stages of cardiac development causes cardiac hypertrophy in offspring. The high variation in the dietary fat and the difference in the time and period of exposure of the offspring to the high - fat diet suggest the high degree of sensitivity of the cardiac structure.

Potential therapeutic effects of green tea on obese lipid profile - a systematic review.

Background: Green tea, obtained from the plant Camellis sinensis, is one of the oldest drinks in the world and contains numerous bioactive compounds. Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of green tea in preventing obesity and cardiovascular diseases that may be related to the reduction of lipid levels. Aim: This study aimed to evidence, through a systematic review, the therapeutic potential of green tea on the lipid profile in preclinical studies in obese animals and clinical studies in obese individuals. Methods: This systematic review follows the recommendations of the preferred report items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The electronic databases, PubMed (Medline), Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science were consulted. Articles from January 2009 to December 2019 were selected. Results: This search resulted in twenty-nine articles were included cirtically reviewed. In experimental studies, green tea administration has been shown to reduce total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in animals exposed to obesity-inducing diet. In humans' studies green tea was not shown to be effective for obese lipid control. Because supplementation with green tea extract reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein for three months at a specific dose. Conclusion: Therefore, green tea appears to act as a protective agent for dyslipidemia in obesity-induced animals. In human studies, green tea has not been shown to be effective in controlling obese lipids.

Perinatal and post-weaning exposure to an obesogenic diet promotes greater expression of nuclear factor-κB and tumor necrosis factor-α in white adipose tissue and hypothalamus of adult rats.

Aim: To analyze the effects of exposure to a high-fat diet during the perinatal period and after weaning on white adipose tissue accumulation and gene expression of TNF- α and NF- κB.Method: Wistar female rats were fed with high-fat (H) or control (C) diet during pregnancy and lactation. The offspring were allocated into four groups: Control Control (CC), offspring of mothers GC, fed a control diet after weaning; Control High-fat (CH), offspring of mothers GC, fed a hight-fat diet after weaning; High-fat Control (HC), offspring of mothers GH, fed with control diet after weaning; and High-fat High-fat (HH), offspring of mothers GH, fed a H diet after weaning.Results: HH and HC groups showed increased body weight compared to CC group and increases in caloric intake, larger amount of white adipose tissue and adipocyte size compared to CC and CH groups. The HH and CH groups showed higher NF-kB expression in white adipose tissue compared to the CC and HC groups, and the HH group also showed higher TNF- α expression. In the hypothalamus, the HH and HC groups exhibited higher TNF- α expression compared to the CC and CH groups.Conclusion: Perinatal and post-weaning exposure to the high-fat diet increases the amount of white adipose tissue, adipocyte size, and expression of the inflammatory genes TNF-α and NF-kB.

High-fat diet promotes hypothalamic inflammation in animal models: a systematic review.

CONTEXT: Hypothalamic inflammation and dysfunction may be induced by high-fat diets. However, the mechanisms involved in this process have not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To evidence, in animal models, of how a high-fat diet influence the mechanisms involved in hypothalamic inflammation. DATA SOURCES: Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Embase databases were searched. DATA EXTRACTION: The exclusion criteria were human studies, studies with medicinal products or other substances not related to food, paper reviews, studies that used a surgical intervention or an intervention with food to reverse hypothalamic inflammation, and studies with genetically modified animals. The identified studies were evaluated according to the following inclusion criteria: animal studies, studies in which a control group was included in the experimental design, and studies in which markers of inflammation in the hypothalamus were evaluated. DATA ANALYSIS: A total of 322 studies were found, of which 9 met the inclusion criteria for a systematic review, conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, and were included in this review. CONCLUSION: The exposure of rodents to high-fat diets promoted an increase in levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and other proteins involved in the inflammatory process in the hypothalamus. This process was associated with increased glial cell activity.

Sarcopenia and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Non-dialytic Renal Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of prospective studies on the presence of sarcopenia and its association with cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic renal disease. METHODS: This study used the PRISMA protocol for systematic review. The systematic review and meta-analysis protocol was recorded in the prospective record of systematic reviews by PROSPERO International: CRD42019120391. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science and LILACS from December 2018 to April 20, 2019, with the survey results updated in January 2021. DATA ANALYSIS: Random effect models were calculated to compare the results due to high heterogeneity identified. RESULTS: The survey identified 951 studies. Of these, 392 were removed by duplicates and 559 references were selected for analysis. In the stage of evaluating titles and abstracts, 555 articles were excluded because they did not include inclusion criteria related to the population and study design, leaving 4 articles that were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. A meta-analysis identified that the presence of sarcopenia increased the risk of mortality by 143%. CONCLUSION(S): The meta-analysis identified the influence of sarcopenia on mortality in non-dialysis-dependent chronic renal disease.

Does a high-fat diet-induced obesity model brown adipose tissue thermogenesis? A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: In this systematic review, we analysed studies that assessed the brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity in the high-fat/cafeteria diet model of obesity in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and ScienceDirect databases were searched from January 2017 to November 2017. Using specific combinations of medical subject heading (MeSH) descriptors, seven papers remained after the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: Most papers showed an increase in BAT thermogenesis in rodents fed high-fat/cafeteria diet. Some studies did not mention the diet composition or housing temperature, and the most of them investigated the thermogenesis superficially, being limited to the analysis of the UCP 1 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the consolidated use of high-fat/cafeteria diets as a model to induce obesity, the identification of the energy expenditure arm has been slow, especially the direct quantitative assessment of the contribution of BAT to the increase in metabolic rate in rats fed a cafeteria/high-fat diet.

Sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older women, determined by different diagnostic methods / Obesidad sarcopénica en mujeres mayores que viven en la comunidad, determinada por diferentes métodos de diagnóstico

Background: sarcopenic obesity (SO) decreases functional capacity, favors loss of autonomy, and is associated with increased mortality in the elderly. The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity differs according to the chosen diagnostic method and/or the population studied. Objective: to identify sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling elderly women using different diagnostic methods. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study involving 138 elderly women enrolled in an Open University of the Third Age. Sarcopenia was defined according to three criteria: a skeletal muscle index (SMI) = 6.42 kg/m²; reduced muscle strength, defined by handgrip strength (HS) < 20 kg/f; and reduced physical performance, determined by a usual gait speed (GS) < 0.8 m/s. Obesity was diagnosed when body mass index (BMI)  > 28 kg/m², waist circumference (WC)  > 88 cm, total body fat percentage (TBF%) determined by bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) = 38%, and value for triceps skinfold (TS) = 85th percentile. Sarcopenic obesity is the coexistence of sarcopenia and obesity. Results: the prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia was 14.5% and 3.6%, respectively. The highest prevalence of obesity was found using WC (69.6%) and TBF% (52.9%) (p < 0.001). The highest prevalence of sarcopenic obesity was found using TBF% (9.4%) and WC (6.5%) (p < 0.001). Sarcopenic obesity according to BMI was only 0.7%. Conclusion: the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity was high and depended on the diagnostic criteria applied. The association of TBF% with the diagnosis of sarcopenia was the method that identified the highest prevalence of sarcopenic obesity

Antecedentes: la obesidad sarcopénica (SO) disminuye la capacidad funcional, favorece la pérdida de autonomía y se asocia a mayor mortalidad en los ancianos. La prevalencia de la obesidad sarcopénica difiere según el método de diagnóstico elegido y/o la población estudiada. Objetivo: identificar la obesidad sarcopénica en mujeres ancianas que viven en la comunidad utilizando diferentes métodos de diagnóstico. Métodos: este es un estudio transversal en el que participaron 138 mujeres ancianas inscritas en una Universidad Abierta de la Tercera Edad. La sarcopenia se definió de acuerdo con tres criterios: un índice de músculo esquelético (SMI) = 6.42 kg/m²; fuerza muscular reducida, definida por una fuerza de empuñadura (HS) < 20 kg/f, y rendimiento físico reducido, determinado por una velocidad de marcha habitual (GS) < 0,8 m/s. La obesidad se diagnosticó si: índice de masa corporal (IMC)  > 28 kg/m², perímetro de la cintura (WC)  > 88 cm, porcentaje de grasa corporal total (TBF%) determinado por análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA) = 38%, y valor de pliegue cutáneo del tríceps (TS) = percentil 85. La obesidad sarcopénica es la coexistencia de sarcopenia y obesidad. Resultados: la prevalencia de la sarcopenia y la sarcopenia severa fue del 14,5% y 3,6%, respectivamente. La mayor prevalencia de obesidad se encontró mediante el WC (69,6%) y el porcentaje de TBF (52,9%) (p < 0,001). La prevalencia más alta de obesidad sarcopénica se encontró utilizando el % de TBF (9,4%) y el WC (6,5%) (p < 0,001). La obesidad sarcopénica según el IMC fue solo del 0,7%. Conclusión: la prevalencia de la obesidad sarcopénica fue alta y dependió de los criterios diagnósticos aplicados. La asociación del TBF% con el diagnóstico de sarcopenia fue el método que identificó la prevalencia más alta de obesidad sarcopénica

Sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older women, determined by different diagnostic methods.

INTRODUCTION: Background: sarcopenic obesity (SO) decreases functional capacity, favors loss of autonomy, and is associated with increased mortality in the elderly. The prevalence of sarcopenic obesity differs according to the chosen diagnostic method and/or the population studied. Objective: to identify sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling elderly women using different diagnostic methods. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study involving 138 elderly women enrolled in an Open University of the Third Age. Sarcopenia was defined according to three criteria: a skeletal muscle index (SMI) ≤ 6.42 kg/m²; reduced muscle strength, defined by handgrip strength (HS) < 20 kg/f; and reduced physical performance, determined by a usual gait speed (GS) < 0.8 m/s. Obesity was diagnosed when body mass index (BMI) > 28 kg/m², waist circumference (WC) > 88 cm, total body fat percentage (TBF%) determined by bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) ≥ 38%, and value for triceps skinfold (TS) ≥ 85th percentile. Sarcopenic obesity is the coexistence of sarcopenia and obesity. Results: the prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia was 14.5% and 3.6%, respectively. The highest prevalence of obesity was found using WC (69.6%) and TBF% (52.9%) (p < 0.001). The highest prevalence of sarcopenic obesity was found using TBF% (9.4%) and WC (6.5%) (p < 0.001). Sarcopenic obesity according to BMI was only 0.7%. Conclusion: the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity was high and depended on the diagnostic criteria applied. The association of TBF% with the diagnosis of sarcopenia was the method that identified the highest prevalence of sarcopenic obesity.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: la obesidad sarcopénica (SO) disminuye la capacidad funcional, favorece la pérdida de autonomía y se asocia a mayor mortalidad en los ancianos. La prevalencia de la obesidad sarcopénica difiere según el método de diagnóstico elegido y/o la población estudiada. Objetivo: identificar la obesidad sarcopénica en mujeres ancianas que viven en la comunidad utilizando diferentes métodos de diagnóstico. Métodos: este es un estudio transversal en el que participaron 138 mujeres ancianas inscritas en una Universidad Abierta de la Tercera Edad. La sarcopenia se definió de acuerdo con tres criterios: un índice de músculo esquelético (SMI) ≤ 6.42 kg/m²; fuerza muscular reducida, definida por una fuerza de empuñadura (HS) < 20 kg/f, y rendimiento físico reducido, determinado por una velocidad de marcha habitual (GS) < 0,8 m/s. La obesidad se diagnosticó si: índice de masa corporal (IMC) > 28 kg/m², perímetro de la cintura (WC) > 88 cm, porcentaje de grasa corporal total (TBF%) determinado por análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica (BIA) ≥ 38%, y valor de pliegue cutáneo del tríceps (TS) ≥ percentil 85. La obesidad sarcopénica es la coexistencia de sarcopenia y obesidad. Resultados: la prevalencia de la sarcopenia y la sarcopenia severa fue del 14,5% y 3,6%, respectivamente. La mayor prevalencia de obesidad se encontró mediante el WC (69,6%) y el porcentaje de TBF (52,9%) (p < 0,001). La prevalencia más alta de obesidad sarcopénica se encontró utilizando el % de TBF (9,4%) y el WC (6,5%) (p < 0,001). La obesidad sarcopénica según el IMC fue solo del 0,7%. Conclusión: la prevalencia de la obesidad sarcopénica fue alta y dependió de los criterios diagnósticos aplicados. La asociación del TBF% con el diagnóstico de sarcopenia fue el método que identificó la prevalencia más alta de obesidad sarcopénica.

Reduction of relative handgrip strength and cardiometabolic risk in individuals with HIV/AIDS.

INTRODUCTION: Low handgrip strength (HS) is associated with cardiometabolic alterations that have affected people with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study performed in adults receiving antiretroviral treatment. HS was evaluated using a dynamometer and divided by body weight to obtain the relative strength. The association between relative HS and overweight, increased waist circumference (WC), high body fat percentage, glycemia, and lipid ratios were assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Low relative HS was identified in 35% of participants and associated with increased WC (odds ratio = 9.7; 95% confidence interval = 2.8-33.0). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of low HS was high and associated with increased WC.

Housing Temperature Modulates the Impact of Diet-Induced Rise in Fat Mass on Adipose Tissue Before and During Pregnancy in Rats.

Aim: To investigate whether housing temperature influences rat adiposity, and the extent it is modified by diet and/or pregnancy. Housing temperature impacts on brown adipose tissue, that possess a unique uncoupling protein (UCP) 1, which, when activated by reduced ambient temperature, enables rapid heat generation. Methods: We, therefore, examined whether the effects of dietary induced rise in fat mass on interscapular brown fat in female rats were dependent on housing temperature, and whether pregnancy further modulates the response. Four week old rats were either maintained at thermoneutrality (27°C) or at a "standard" cool temperature (20°C), and fed either a control or obesogenic (high in fat and sugar) diet until 10 weeks old. They were then either tissue sampled or mated with a male maintained under the same conditions. The remaining dams were tissue sampled at either 10 or 19 days gestation. Results: Diet had the greatest effect on fat mass at thermoneutrality although, by 19 days gestation, fat weight was similar between groups. Prior to mating, the abundance of UCP1 was higher at 20°C, but was similar between groups during pregnancy. UCP1 mRNA followed a similar pattern, with expression declining to a greater extent in the animals maintained at 20°C. Conclusion: Housing temperature has a marked influence on the effect of dietary induced rise in fat deposition that was modified through gestation. This maybe mediated by the reduction in UCP1 with housing at thermoneutrality prior to pregnancy and could subsequently impact on growth and development of the offspring.

Reduction of relative handgrip strength and cardiometabolic risk in individuals with HIV/AIDS

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Low handgrip strength (HS) is associated with cardiometabolic alterations that have affected people with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study performed in adults receiving antiretroviral treatment. HS was evaluated using a dynamometer and divided by body weight to obtain the relative strength. The association between relative HS and overweight, increased waist circumference (WC), high body fat percentage, glycemia, and lipid ratios were assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Low relative HS was identified in 35% of participants and associated with increased WC (odds ratio = 9.7; 95% confidence interval = 2.8-33.0). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of low HS was high and associated with increased WC.

Associação Entre Força Muscular Relativa e Risco Cardiometabólico em Pacientes Hipertensos / Association between Relative Muscular Strength and Cardiometabolic Risk in Hypertensive Patients

Introdução: A força muscular tem sido considerada bom preditor de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre força muscular relativa com fatores de risco cardiometabólicos em pacientes hipertensos. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 115 pacientes hipertensos atendidos em um hospital universitário. Foram coletadas variáveis antropométricas e bioquímicas (glicemia de jejum, colesterol total e frações e triglicerídeos). Foram calculados os indicadores razão cintura/altura e Índice de massa corporal. A força muscular relativa foi avaliada a partir da força de preensão palmar, medida pelo dinamômetro, e dividida pelo peso corporal. A correlação de Pearson e o modelo de regressão linear foram utilizados para estimar a relação entre as variáveis de risco e a força muscular relativa. Foram adotados um nível de significância de 5% e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: A maioria da população (82,6%) foi do sexo feminino, 64,3% adultos, 56,5% sedentários e 93,0% com excesso de peso. Foram observadas correlações inversas significantes entre a força muscular relativa com a razão cintura/ altura e Índice de massa corporal (p=0,000). O modelo de regressão mostrou que o aumento na razão cintura/altura contribuiu significativamente para a redução da força de preensão palmar relativa (p=0,023), assim como ser do sexo feminino (p=0,000). Conclusão: O presente estudo identificou associação entre a força de preensão palmar relativa e variáveis de risco cardiometabólico

Introduction: Muscle strength has been considered a good predictor of risk for cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To evaluate the association between relative muscular strength and cardiometabolic risk factors in hypertensive patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 115 hypertensive patients attended at a university hospital. Anthropometric and biochemical variables (fasting glycemia, total cholesterol and fractions and triglycerides) were collected. The Waist / height ratio and body mass index were calculated. Relative muscle strength was assessed from the palmar grip strength, measured by the dynamometer, and divided by body weight. Pearson's correlation was used and the linear regression model to estimate the relationship between risk variables and relative muscle strength. A significance level of 5% and a 95% confidence interval were adopted. Results: The majority of the population (82.6%) were female, 64.3% were adults, 56.5% were sedentary and 93.0% were overweight. Significant inverse correlations were observed between relative muscle strength with waist / height ratio and body mass index (p=0.000). The regression model showed that the increase in waist / height ratio contributed significantly to the reduction of relative muscle strength (p = 0.023), as well as being female (p = 0.000). Conclusion: The present study identified an association between relative muscle strength and cardiometabolic risk variables

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Factors associated with sarcopenia in institutionalized elderly.

INTRODUCTION: The sarcopenia is a negative aspect for the health of the elderly, increased the risk for disease and mortality. Additionally can contributes greatly to functional reducing capacity and quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia in institutionalized elderly. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted with 216 elderly people, aged ≥ 60 years, of both sexes, residents in long-term care facilities in Salvador-Bahia, Brazil. To identify sarcopenia was used the skeletal muscle Index. Covariates were considered: gender, age, time of institutionalization, type of institution, body mass index and functional capacity. The Association between sarcopenia and covariates was evaluated using the Poisson regression model with robust variance. RESULTS: The prevalence of sarcopenia in the elderly was 72.2% and this condition was associated with male sex (PR = 1,33; CI 95% = 1,081,65), thinness (PR = 1,29; CI 95% = 1,16-1,43) and obesity (PR = 0,37; CI 95% = 0,23-0,61). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of sarcopenia was high among the elderly living in long-term institutions, especially among men. Elderly with thinness showed greater impairment of muscle reserves, while the state of obesity was protective.

Factors associated with sarcopenia in institutionalized elderly / Factores asociados con la presencia de sarcopenia en ancianos institucionalizados

Introduction: The sarcopenia is a negative aspect for the health of the elderly, increased the risk for disease and mortality. Additionally can contributes greatly to functional reducing capacity and quality of life. Objective: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia in institutionalized elderly. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, conducted with 216 elderly people, aged ≥ 60 years, of both sexes, residents in long-term care facilities in Salvador-Bahia, Brazil. To identify sarcopenia was used the skeletal muscle Index. Covariates were considered: gender, age, time of institutionalization, type of institution, body mass index and functional capacity. The Association between sarcopenia and covariates was evaluated using the Poisson regression model with robust variance. Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia in the elderly was 72.2% and this condition was associated with male sex (PR = 1,33; CI 95% = 1,08- 1,65), thinness (PR = 1,29; CI 95% = 1,16-1,43) and obesity (PR = 0,37; CI 95% = 0,23-0,61). Conclusion: The prevalence of sarcopenia was high among the elderly living in long-term institutions, especially among men. Elderly with thinness showed greater impairment of muscle reserves, while the state of obesity was protective (AU)

Introducción: la sarcopenia es un aspecto negativo para la salud de las personas mayores, aumenta el riesgo de enfermedad y mortalidad. Además puede contribuir en gran medida a la reducción de la capacidad funcional y calidad de vida. Objetivo: identificar la prevalencia y los factores asociados con la sarcopenia en los ancianos institucionalizados. Métodos: se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado con 216 personas de edad avanzada (≥ 60 años), de ambos sexos, residentes en centros de atención a largo plazo en Salvador-Bahia, Brasil. Para identifi car la sarcopenia se utilizó el índice musculoesquelético. Se consideraron covariables: género, edad, tiempo de institucionalización, tipo de institución, índice de masa corporal y la capacidad funcional. La asociación entre la sarcopenia y covariables se evaluó utilizando el modelo de regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. Resultados: la prevalencia de la sarcopenia en los ancianos fue de 72,2% y esta condición se asocia con el sexo masculino (RP = 1,33; IC del 95% = 1,08-1,65), la delgadez (RP = 1,29; IC del 95 % = 1,16-1,43) y la obesidad (RP = 0,37; IC del 95% = 0,23-0,61). Conclusión: la prevalencia de la sarcopenia fue alta entre los ancianos que viven en instituciones de larga duración, especialmente entre los hombres. Los ancianos con delgadez mostraron un mayor deterioro en las reservas musculares, mientras que los obesos mostraban una mayor protección muscular (AU)

Association between sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular risk: where are we?

INTRODUCTION: The main changes in the body composition refer to the increase of adipose tissue and/or the decrease of muscular mass, and these changes have effect in many clinical outcomes. Sarcopenic obesity (SO) consists of the presence of excessive adipose tissue and deficit of muscular mass simultaneously. People with SO may have synergistic effect due to obesity and sarcopenia, with increases cardiovascular risk more than obesity itself. OBJECTIVE: To describe the findings in the literature about the association between SO and risk factors and/or cardiometabolic disease (CMD) or cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS: An electronic search was done on the following databases: MEDLINE, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS and Web of Science, using the matching expressions and Boolean operators: "obesity sarcopenic" OR "sarcopenic obesity", in the titles of the studies, AND "cardiometabolic disease" OR "cardiovascular disease" OR "metabolic syndrome" OR "insulin resistance", in the abstract. RESULTS: Most of studies are cross-sectional and present many different diagnosis criteria for SO. It was possible to verify the association of the SO and the risk factors and/or CMD or CVD. CONCLUSION: SO is associated with risk factors and/or CMD or CVD. The lack of a consensus about this definition jeopardizes the effective clinical practice and the research about the subject.

Association between sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular risk: where are we? / Asociación entre obesidad sarcopénica y riesgo cardiovascular: ¿dónde estamos?

Introduction: The main changes in the body composition refer to the increase of adipose tissue and/or the decrease of muscular mass, and these changes have effect in many clinical outcomes. Sarcopenic obesity (SO) consists of the presence of excessive adipose tissue and deficit of muscular mass simultaneously. People with SO may have synergistic effect due to obesity and sarcopenia, with increases cardiovascular risk more than obesity itself. Objective: To describe the findings in the literature about the association between SO and risk factors and/or cardiometabolic disease (CMD) or cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: An electronic search was done on the following databases: MEDLINE, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS and Web of Science, using the matching expressions and Boolean operators: «obesity sarcopenic» OR «sarcopenic obesity», in the titles of the studies, AND «cardiometabolic disease» OR «cardiovascular disease» OR «metabolic syndrome» OR «insulin resistance», in the abstract. Results: Most of studies are cross-sectional and present many different diagnosis criteria for SO. It was possible to verify the association of the SO and the risk factors and/or CMD or CVD. Conclusion: SO is associated with risk factors and/or CMD or CVD. The lack of a consensus about this definition jeopardizes the effective clinical practice and the research about the subject (AU)

Introducción: los principales cambios en la composición del cuerpo refi eren el incremento de tejido adiposo y/o la disminución de masa muscular, y estos cambios tienen efecto en varios resultados clínicos. La obesidad sarcopénica (OS) consiste en la presencia simultánea del exceso de tejido adiposo y el déficit de masa muscular. Las personas con OS pueden tener un efecto sinérgico debido a la obesidad y la sarcopenia, lo que incrementa el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular, más que la obesidad en sí. Objetivo: describir los hallazgos en la literatura científica sobre la asociación de la SO y los factores de riesgo y/o ECM (enfermedad cardiometabólica) o enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV). Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda electrónica en las siguientes bases de datos: MEDLINE, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS y Web of Science, usando las expresiones coincidentes y los operadores booleanos: «obesidad sarcopénica» o «sarcopénica obesidad», en los títulos de los estudios, y «enfermedad cardiometabólica» o «enfermedad cardiovascular» o «síndrome metabólico» o «resistencia a la insulina», en el abstract. Resultados: la mayoría de los estudios son de corte transversales y presentan diferentes criterios de diagnóstico para la OS. Fue posible verificar la asociación de la OS y los factores de riesgo y/o ECM o ECV. Conclusión: la OS está asociada con los factores de riesgo y/o ECM o ECV. La falta de un consenso sobre esta definición pone en peligro la efectividad de la práctica clínica y la investigación sobre el tema (AU)

MATERNAL AND POST-WEANING EXPOSURE TO A HIGH FAT DIET PROMOTES VISCERAL OBESITY AND HEPATIC STEATOSIS IN ADULT RATS.

AIM: considering the frequent consumption of fat-rich diets by women of reproductive age, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of maternal consumption of a high-fat diet during the perinatal and/ or post-weaning period on the liver parameters and lipid metabolism of young rats. METHODS: Wistar female rats were fed a high-fat (H) or control (C) diet during pregnancy and lactation. The offspring were allocated to four groups: Control Control (CC, n = 11), offspring fed a control diet after weaning; Control High-fat (CH, n = 10), offspring fed a high-fat diet after weaning; High-fat High-fat (HH, n = 10), offspring of mothers H fed a high-fat diet after weaning; and High-fat Control (HC, n = 9), offspring of mothers H fed with control diet after weaning. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: the food intake did not differ among the groups, however, the relative weight of the adipose tissue was higher in animals from the HC, HH and CH groups (p ≤ 0.005). Liver steatosis was found in the CH and HH animals, which also exhibited hypercholesterolemia (p ≤ 0.05). The levels of the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were higher in the HH group, and the LDL level was higher in the CH group compared to the CC. The consumption of an obesogenic diet during critical periods of development may contribute to the occurrence of visceral obesity, liver steatosis and hypercholesterolemia in adult rats, even in the absence of changes in dietary intake.

Objetivo: teniendo en cuenta el consumo frecuente de dietas ricas en grasas por las mujeres en edad reproductiva, el objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar los efectos del consumo materno de una dieta alta en grasas durante el periodo perinatal y/o post-destete en el higado y el metabolismo de los lipidos en ratas jovenes. Métodos: ratas hembra Wistar fueron alimentadas durante el embarazo y la lactancia con un alto contenido de grasa (H) o de control (C). La descendencia se asigno a cuatro grupos: Control (CC, n = 11), descendencia alimentada con una dieta de control despues del destete; Control de dieta alta en grasa (CH, n = 10), crias alimentadas con una dieta alta en grasas despues del destete; Alta en grasas de alta en grasa (HH, n = 10), hijos de madres H alimentados con una dieta alta en grasas despues del destete; y Control de alta en grasa (HC, n = 9), hijos de madres H alimentados con dieta de control tras el destete. Resultados y discusión: la ingesta de alimentos no difirio entre los grupos; sin embargo, el peso relativo del tejido adiposo fue mayor en los animales de los grupos HC, HH y CH (p ≤ 0,005). La esteatosis hepatica se encontro en los CH y HH, que tambien presentaban hipercolesterolemia (p ≤ 0,05). Los niveles de las enzimas hepaticas alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y gamma-glutamil transpeptidasa (GGT) fueron mayores en el grupo de HH, y el nivel de LDL fue mayor en el grupo CH en comparacion con el CC. El consumo de la dieta propicio la obesidad durante los periodos criticos del desarrollo y puede contribuir a la aparicion de obesidad visceral, esteatosis hepatica e hipercolesterolemia en ratas adultas, incluso en ausencia de cambios en la ingesta dietetica.