Bacterial eye infections associated with sexual transmission infections: A review.

The objective of this work was to collect updated information on Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, causing sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and etiological agents of eye infections, to provide relevant information on this public health problem. For this, a bibliographic review was carried out using different electronic databases such as: PubMed central, google academic, Lilacs, Scopus, Science Direct and Scielo, between March 2009 and August 2019. According to the WHO, more than a million people a day contract a sexually transmitted infection. For T. pallidum, a global prevalence of 0.5% is estimated for both men and women. It is a causative agent of syphilis and ocular syphilis, which manifests as uveitis. Overall, a prevalence of 2.8% in men and 3.8% in women for C. trachomatis is estimated. It is associated with oculo-genital disease, which includes STIs, inclusion conjunctivitis in adults and neonatal ophthalmia. Among its complications is trachoma, which is the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. Regarding N. gonorrhoeae, it has a global selection of 0.9% and 0.7% in women and men, respectively. It manifests with gonococcal conjunctivitis and neonatal ophthalmia. We can conclude that the information that relates T. pallidum, C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae with their ocular compromise problems is insufficient, and even more so if we seek to find them related to each other, which makes it difficult to access data of clinical utility for visual health.

Infecciones oculares de origen bacteriano asociadas a infecciones de transmisión sexual: Una revisión / Bacterial eye infections associated with sexual transmission infections: A review

El objetivo de este trabajo fue recopilar información actualizada sobre Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia trachomatis y Neisseria gonorrhoeae, como los principales agentes etiológicos de infecciones oculares asociadas con infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS), como manera de proveer información relevante sobre este problema de salud pública. Para esto, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica utilizando diferentes bases de datos electrónicas como: PubMed Central, Google Académico, LILACS, Scopus, ScienceDirect y SciELO, entre marzo de 2009 y agosto de 2019. Según la OMS, más de un millón de personas al día contraen una infección de transmisión sexual. Para T. pallidum se estima globalmente una prevalencia de 0,5%, tanto en hombres como en mujeres. Este microorganismo es agente causal de sífilis y de sífilis ocular, que se manifiesta como uveítis. Se estima globalmente una prevalencia de 2,8% en hombres y de 3,8% en mujeres para C. trachomatis. Esta bacteria está asociada a enfermedad oculogenital, que incluye ITS, conjuntivitis de inclusión en adultos y oftalmia neonatal, dentro de sus complicaciones se encuentra el tracoma, que es la primera causa de ceguera infecciosa a nivel mundial. Respecto a N. gonorrhoeae tiene una estimación global de 0,9 y 0,7% en mujeres y hombres, respectivamente. Se manifiesta con conjuntivitis gonocócica y oftalmia neonatal. Podemos concluir que la información que relaciona a T. pallidum, C. trachomatis y N. gonorrhoeae con sus respectivos compromisos oculares es insuficiente, y aún más si buscamos encontrarlas relacionadas entre sí, lo que dificulta el acceso a datos de utilidad clínica para la salud visual.

The objective of this work was to collect updated information on Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, causing sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and etiological agents of eye infections, to provide relevant information on this public health problem. For this, a bibliographic review was carried out using different electronic databases such as: PubMed central, google academic, Lilacs, Scopus, Science Direct and Scielo, between March 2009 and August 2019. According to the WHO, more than a million people a day contract a sexually transmitted infection. For T. pallidum, a global prevalence of 0.5% is estimated for both men and women. It is a causative agent of syphilis and ocular syphilis, which manifests as uveitis. Overall, a prevalence of 2.8% in men and 3.8% in women for C. trachomatis is estimated. It is associated with oculo-genital disease, which includes STIs, inclusion conjunctivitis in adults and neonatal ophthalmia. Among its complications is trachoma, which is the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. Regarding N. gonorrhoeae, it has a global selection of 0.9% and 0.7% in women and men, respectively. It manifests with gonococcal conjunctivitis and neonatal ophthalmia. We can conclude that the information that relates T.pallidum, C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae with their ocular compromise problems is insufficient, and even more so if we seek to find them related to each other, which makes it difficult to access data of clinical utility for visual health.

Formation of interstellar cyanoacetamide: a rotational and computational study.

CONTEXT: Cyanoacetamide is a -CN bearing molecule that is also an amide derivative target molecule in the interstellar medium. AIMS: The aim of our investigation is to analyze the feasibility of a plausible formation process of protonated cyanoacetamide under interstellar conditions and to provide direct experimental frequencies of the ground vibrational state of the neutral form in the microwave region in order to enable its eventual identification in the interstellar medium. METHODS: We used high-level theoretical computations to study the formation process of protonated cyanoacetamide. Furthermore, we employed a high-resolution laser-ablation molecular beam Fourier transform spectroscopic technique to measure the frequencies of the neutral form. RESULTS: We report the first rotational characterization of cyanoacetamide, and a precise set of the relevant rotational spectroscopic constants have been determined as a first step to identifying the molecule in the interstellar medium. We fully explored the potential energy surface to study a gas-phase reaction on the formation process of protonated cyanoacetamide. We found that an exothermic process with no net activation barrier is initiated by the high-energy isomer of protonated hydroxylamine, which leads to protonated cyanoacetamide.

Is eating wild rainbow trout safe? The effects of different land-uses on heavy metals content in Chile.

Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cd and Pb levels were measured in liver and muscle samples of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss collected from three watersheds with different land-uses: native forest, exotic plantation, and agriculture in Chile, during January, April, July, and October 2012. Cd and Pb levels were not detected in the liver and muscle, probably since they are under the detection limits. Higher metal concentrations (liver-muscle tissues) were detected in samples from agriculture and exotic plantation streams, whereas trout from native forest streams had lower metal concentrations. Higher metal concentrations were detected in liver tissue compared to muscle tissue, and both negatively correlated to the length and weight of the fish. This suggest the liver had higher ability to accumulate Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn compared to muscle tissue. The concentration range of Fe and Zn recorded in the muscle are within the range reported by other authors, whereas Mn and Cu concentrations are higher than reported in the literature. However, at all sites the concentration of selected metals were below the limits permitted by current legislation (FAO), and therefore did not put the human population at risk, suggesting that is eating wild rainbow trout safe in Chile.

Ligamentum flavum in lumbar spinal stenosis, disc herniation and degenerative spondylolisthesis. An histopathological description.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los cambios en el ligamento flavum (LF) relacionados con la degeneración son secundarios al proceso de envejecimiento o a la inestabilidad mecánica. Estudios anteriores han indicado que LF con envejecimiento muestra pérdida de fibras elásticas y aumento del contenido de colágeno, la pérdida de elasticidad puede hacer que el LF se pliegue en el canal espinal, disminuyendo su espacio. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron 67 pacientes operados de estenosis lumbar espinal (LSS), hernia de disco lumbar (LDH) y espondilolistesis degenerativa (LDS). Se obtuvieron muestras de LF de pacientes que tenían LSS (39), LDH (22) y LDS (6). Se examinaron especímenes con respecto a metaplasia condroide, calcificación, fragmentación de fibras de colágeno, degeneración quística, apariencia fibrilar e hipercelularidad. RESULTADOS: Los cambios histopatológicos más frecuentes fueron la hialinización y la fragmentación de las fibras de colágeno (34%), neovascularización en 40.3%, y la disposición irregular de las fibras elásticas es el cambio más frecuente con 56.7% del total de muestras. Existe una diferencia en la presencia de cambios en el LF, de acuerdo con el diagnóstico, siendo estadísticamente significativo para la fragmentación de las fibras de colágeno (p = 0.045), la degeneración quística (p = 0.001), la apariencia fibrilar (p = 0.007) y la hipercelularidad (p = 0.005) todos ellos, siendo más frecuentes en el grupo LDS. El grupo LHD presentó fragmentación de las fibras de colágeno en 45.5% (p = 0.045) y la apariencia fibrilar en 4.5% (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONES: No hay evidencia de hipertrofia celular en los análisis histopatológicos, el engrosamiento del LF se puede ver por abultamiento del mismo, seguido de colapso del segmento de movimiento.

INTRODUCTION: Changes in ligamentum flavum (LF) related to degeneration are secondary to either the aging process or mechanical instability. Previous studies have indicated that LF with aging shows elastic fiber loss and increased collagen content, loss of elasticity may cause LF to fold into the spinal canal, which may further narrow of the canal. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 67 patients operated with the surgical indications of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (LDS) were included. LF samples were obtained from patients who had LSS (39), LDH (22) and LDS (6). Specimens were examined with regard to chondroid metaplasia, calcification, fragmentation of collagen fibers, cystic degeneration, fibrillar appearence, and hypercellularity. RESULTS: The most frequent histopathological changes were hyalinization and fragmentation of collagen fibers occur in 34%, neovascularization in 40.3% and irregular arrangement of elastic fibers is the most prevalent change with 56.7% of the total samples. There is a difference in the presence of certain changes in the LF according to the diagnosis, being statistically significant for fragmentation of collagen fibers (p = 0.045), cystic degeneration (p = 0.001), fibrillar appearance (p = 0.007) and hypercellularity (p = 0.005) all of these, being more prevalent in LDS group. LHD group presented fragmentation of collagen fibers in 45.5% (p = 0.045) and fibrillar appearance in 4.5% (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: There is not evidence of cellular hyperthophy in the histhopatological analyses, thickening of the LF can be seen by bulking of LF followed by collapse of motion segment.

Variabilidad y tendencias en el consumo de fármacos para los trastornos por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en Castilla-La Mancha, España (1992-2015) / Variability and trends in the consumption of drugs for treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Castile-La Mancha, Spain (1992-2015)

INTRODUCCIÓN: El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) es uno de los trastornos conductuales más frecuentes de la infancia, se estima su prevalencia en España en un 5-9%. Existen varios fármacos para esta patología como el metilfenidato, la atomoxetina y la lisdexanfetamina cuyos consumos están creciendo anualmente. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estima la prevalencia de TDAH a través del cálculo de las dosis diarias definidas por 1.000 habitantes y día de cada fármaco y el total (grupo terapéutico N06BA), durante los años 1992-2015, para cada una de las provincias de Castilla-La Mancha (España). Se observa la tendencia, sus puntos de cambio y los porcentajes anuales de cambio mediante modelos de regresión de joinpoint. RESULTADOS: Se estima una prevalencia mínima de TDAH de 13,22 casos por 1.000 habitantes y día para Castilla-La Mancha en la población de 5 a 19 años, existiendo una variabilidad provincial (p < 0,05). En su conjunto, el consumo se ha incrementado un porcentaje anual de cambio de 10,3% desde 1992 a 2015 con varios años o puntos de inflexión (2000, 2009 y 2012). El metilfenidato supone el 89,6% de los fármacos consumidos, seguido por la lisdexanfetamina con un 8%. CONCLUSIONES: El consumo de fármacos permite estimar la distribución de TDAH en Castilla-La Mancha. Se observa un crecimiento en el consumo de estos fármacos, y se observa una variabilidad provincial en su consumo, lo que supone diferencias en la práctica médica frente a esta enfermedad

INTRODUCTION: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioural disorders of childhood; its prevalence in Spain is estimated at 5-9%. Available treatments for this condition include methylphenidate, atomoxetine, and lisdexamfetamine, whose consumption increases each year. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The prevalence of ADHD was estimated by calculating the defined daily dose per 1,000 population per day of each drug and the total doses (therapeutic group N06BA) between 1992 and 2015 in each of the provinces of Castile-La Mancha (Spain). Trends, joinpoints, and annual percentages of change were analysed using joinpoint regression models. RESULTS: The minimum prevalence of ADHD in the population of Castile-La Mancha aged 5 to 19 was estimated at 13.22 cases per 1,000 population per day; prevalence varied across provinces (p<.05). Overall consumption has increased from 1992 to 2015, with an annual percentages of change of 10.3% and several joinpoints (2000, 2009, and 2012). methylphenidate represents 89.6% of total drug consumption, followed by lisdexamfetamine at 8%. CONCLUSIONS: Analysing drug consumption enables us to estimate the distribution of ADHD patients in Castile-La Mancha. Our data show an increase in the consumption of these drugs as well as differences in drug consumption between provinces, which reflect differences in ADHD management in clinical practice

The RIPASA score for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: A comparison with the modified Alvarado score. / Escala RIPASA para el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda: comparación con la escala de Alvarado modificada.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Acute appendicitis is the first cause of surgical emergencies. It is still a difficult diagnosis to make, especially in young persons, the elderly, and in reproductive-age women, in whom a series of inflammatory conditions can have signs and symptoms similar to those of acute appendicitis. Different scoring systems have been created to increase diagnostic accuracy, and they are inexpensive, noninvasive, and easy to use and reproduce. The modified Alvarado score is probably the most widely used and accepted in emergency services worldwide. On the other hand, the RIPASA score was formulated in 2010 and has greater sensitivity and specificity. There are very few studies conducted in Mexico that compare the different scoring systems for appendicitis. The aim of our article was to compare the modified Alvarado score and the RIPASA score in the diagnosis of patients with abdominal pain and suspected acute appendicitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational, analytic, and prolective study was conducted within the time frame of July 2002 and February 2014 at the Hospital Universitario de Puebla. The questionnaires used for the evaluation process were applied to the patients suspected of having appendicitis. RESULTS: The RIPASA score with 8.5 as the optimal cutoff value: ROC curve (area .595), sensitivity (93.3%), specificity (8.3%), PPV (91.8%), NPV (10.1%). Modified Alvarado score with 6 as the optimal cutoff value: ROC curve (area .719), sensitivity (75%), specificity (41.6%), PPV (93.7%), NPV (12.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The RIPASA score showed no advantages over the modified Alvarado score when applied to patients presenting with suspected acute appendicitis.

Variability and trends in the consumption of drugs for treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Castile-La Mancha, Spain (1992-2015). / Variabilidad y tendencias en el consumo de fármacos para los trastornos por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en Castilla-La Mancha, España (1992-2015).

INTRODUCTION: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioural disorders of childhood; its prevalence in Spain is estimated at 5-9%. Available treatments for this condition include methylphenidate, atomoxetine, and lisdexamfetamine, whose consumption increases each year. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The prevalence of ADHD was estimated by calculating the defined daily dose per 1,000 population per day of each drug and the total doses (therapeutic group N06BA) between 1992 and 2015 in each of the provinces of Castile-La Mancha (Spain). Trends, joinpoints, and annual percentages of change were analysed using joinpoint regression models. RESULTS: The minimum prevalence of ADHD in the population of Castile-La Mancha aged 5 to 19 was estimated at 13.22 cases per 1,000 population per day; prevalence varied across provinces (p<.05). Overall consumption has increased from 1992 to 2015, with an annual percentages of change of 10.3% and several joinpoints (2000, 2009, and 2012). methylphenidate represents 89.6% of total drug consumption, followed by lisdexamfetamine at 8%. CONCLUSIONS: Analysing drug consumption enables us to estimate the distribution of ADHD patients in Castile-La Mancha. Our data show an increase in the consumption of these drugs as well as differences in drug consumption between provinces, which reflect differences in ADHD management in clinical practice.

Corneal endothelium: developmental strategies for regeneration.

The main treatment available for restoration of the corneal endothelium is keratoplasty. This procedure is faced with several difficulties, including the shortage of donor tissue, post-surgical complications associated with the use of drugs to prevent immune rejection, and a significant increase in the occurrence of glaucoma. Recently, surgical procedures such as Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty have focused on the transplant of corneal endothelium, yielding better visual results but still facing the need for donor tissue. The emergent strategies in the field of cell biology and tissue cultivation of corneal endothelial cells aim at the production of transplantable endothelial cell sheets. Cell therapy focuses on the culture of corneal endothelial cells retrieved from the donor, in the donor's cornea, followed by transplantation into the recipient. Recently, research has focused on overcoming the challenge of harvesting human corneal endothelial cells and the generation of new biomembranes to be used as cell scaffolds in surgical procedures. The use of corneal endothelial precursors from the peripheral cornea has also demonstrated to be effective and represents a valuable tool for reducing the risk of rejection in allogeneic transplants. Several animal model reports also support the use of adult stem cells as therapy for corneal diseases. Current results represent important progresses in the development of new strategies based on alternative sources of tissue for the treatment of corneal endotheliopathies. Different databases were used to search literature: PubMed, Google Books, MD Consult, Google Scholar, Gene Cards, and NCBI Books. The main search terms used were: 'cornea AND embryology AND transcription factors', 'human endothelial keratoplasty AND risk factors', '(cornea OR corneal) AND (endothelium OR endothelial) AND cell culture', 'mesenchymal stem cells AND cell therapy', 'mesenchymal stem cells AND cornea', and 'stem cells AND (cornea OR corneal) AND (endothelial OR endothelium)'.

Correlation between anatomic foot and ankle movement measured with MRI and with a motion analysis system.

Several studies have attempted to measure how well external markers track internal bone movement using pins drilled into the foot, but this is too invasive for the pediatric population. This study investigated how well a six segment foot model (6SFM) using external markers was able to measure bone movement in the foot compared to MRI measurements. The foot was moved into different positions using a plastic foot jig and measurements were taken with both systems. The aims were to: (1) Look at the correlation between movement tracked with an Electronic Motion Tracking System (EMTS) and by measurements derived from MRI images, specifically the principal intercept angles (PIAs) which are the angles of intersection between principal axes of inertia of bone volumes. (2) To see how well external motion measured by the 6SFM could predict PIAs. Four bone pairs had their movement tracked: Tibia-Calcaneus, Calcaneus-Cuboid, Navicular-1st Metatarsal, and 1st Metatarsal-Hallux. The results showed moderate correlation between measured PIAs and those predicted at the Tibia-Calcaneus, Navicular-1st Metatarsal, and 1st Metatarsal-Hallux joints. Moderate to high correlation was found between the PIA and movement in a single anatomic plane for all four joints at several positions. The 6SFM using the EMTS allows reliable tracking of 3D rotations in the pediatric foot, except at the Calcaneus-Cuboid joint.

Community structure of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from two sympatric gull species: kelp gull (Larus dominicanus) and Franklin's gull (Larus pipixcan) in Talcahuano, Chile.

A total of 1,177 lice of four species were collected from 124 kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) and 137 lice of the same four species from 60 Franklin's gulls (Larus pipixcan). The louse Saemundssonia lari (O Fabricius) (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) was the most numerous on both gull species, with infestation rates of 4.9 on kelp gulls and 1.8 on Franklin's gulls. The second most abundant louse was Quadraceps punctatus (Burmeister), with a high infestation rate but low prevalence on kelp gulls; those parameters were much lower among lice from Franklin's gulls. The composition and community structure of the lice were similar on both host species, but not their infestation rates. In addition, the feather mite Zachvatkinia larica Mironov (Acari: Avenzoariidae) is recorded from kelp gulls and Franklin's gulls for the first time, while the gamasid mite Larinyssus sp. is recorded from kelp gulls, also for the first time. The population parameters of all species of ectoparasites are discussed.

Community structure of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from two sympatric gull species: kelp gull (Larus dominicanus) and Franklin's Gull (Larus pipixcan) in Talcahuano, Chile

A total of 1,177 lice of four species were collected from 124 kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) and 137 lice of the same four species from 60 Franklin's gulls (Larus pipixcan). The louse Saemundssonia lari (O Fabricius) (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) was the most numerous on both gull species, with infestation rates of 4.9 on kelp gulls and 1.8 on Franklin's gulls. The second most abundant louse was Quadraceps punctatus (Burmeister), with a high infestation rate but low prevalence on kelp gulls; those parameters were much lower among lice from Franklin's gulls. The composition and community structure of the lice were similar on both host species, but not their infestation rates. In addition, the feather mite Zachvatkinia larica Mironov (Acari: Avenzoariidae) is recorded from kelp gulls and Franklin's gulls for the first time, while the gamasid mite Larinyssus sp. is recorded from kelp gulls, also for the first time. The population parameters of all species of ectoparasites are discussed.

[Variability and trends in dementia drug consumption in Castile-La Mancha (Spain). Estimated prevalence of Alzheimer's disease]. / Variabilidad y tendencias en el uso de fármacos contra la demencia. Estimación de la prevalencia de la enfermedad de Alzheimer en Castilla-La Mancha.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent degenerative disorders in the population over 65 years. We believe that the prevalence in Spain is between 4-11% for the population over 65 years-old. Drugs are currently available to treat this disease in its different phases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We estimated the prevalence of AD by calculating the defined daily doses per 100 inhabitants over 65 years old and days of dementia drugs (therapeutic group N06DA and N06DX) for the years 2004-2008 for each of the provinces of Castile-La Mancha (Spain). We have provided the data requirements specified by the Regional Health Service of Castile-La Mancha. RESULTS: The prevalence of AD is than 2.98 per 100-days for the whole region, there is variation in drug use and consumption, with a predominance of donepezil in all provinces except Guadalajara. On the whole, the consumption of these drugs has increased by 8% annually. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of dementia drugs is used to estimate the distribution of AD in Castile-La Mancha (Spain). These figures do not yet accurately estimate the prevalence of the disease, despite the increase in consumption. We can establish the variability in medical practice for this disease.

Variabilidad y tendencias en el uso de fármacos contra la demencia. Estimación de la prevalencia de la enfermedad de Alzheimer en Castilla-La Mancha / Variability and trends in dementia drug consumption in Castile-La Mancha (Spain). Estimated prevalence of Alzheimer's disease

Introducción: La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es uno de los trastornos degenerativos más importantes en la población mayor de 65 años. Se estima que la prevalencia en España está en el 4-11% en esa población. En la actualidad hay fármacos para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad en sus diferentes fases. Material y métodosSe estima la prevalencia de EA mediante el cálculo de las dosis diarias definidas/100 habitantes mayores de 65 años y día de fármacos contra la demencia (grupo terapéutico N06DA y N06DX), durante los años 2004-2008, para cada una de las provincias de Castilla-La Mancha. Se ha dispuesto de los datos de las prescripciones indicadas por el SESCAM. Resultados: La prevalencia mínima de EA es de 2,98/100 habitantes y día para el conjunto de la región, con variabilidad en su uso y consumo, y predominio del donepezilo en todas las provincias, excepto Guadalajara. En su conjunto, el consumo de estos fármacos se ha incrementado un 8% anual. Conclusiones: El consumo de fármacos contra la demencia permite estimar la distribución de EA en Castilla-La Mancha. Las cifras obtenidas no permiten todavía estimar con precisión la prevalencia de la enfermedad, pese al aumento en su consumo. Sí se puede establecer la variabilidad en la práctica médica frente a esta enfermedad (AU)

Background: Alzheimer disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent degenerative disorders in the population over 65 years. We believe that the prevalence in Spain is between 4-11% for the population over 65 years-old. Drugs are currently available to treat this disease in its different phases. Material and methods: We estimated the prevalence of AD by calculating the defined daily doses per 100 inhabitants over 65 years old and days of dementia drugs (therapeutic group N06DA and N06DX) for the years 2004-2008 for each of the provinces of Castile-La Mancha (Spain). We have provided the data requirements specified by the Regional Health Service of Castile-La Mancha.Results: The prevalence of AD is than 2.98 per 100-days for the whole region, there is variation in drug use and consumption, with a predominance of donepezil in all provinces except Guadalajara. On the whole, the consumption of these drugs has increased by 8% annually. Conclusions:The consumption of dementia drugs is used to estimate the distribution of AD in Castile-La Mancha (Spain). These figures do not yet accurately estimate the prevalence of the disease, despite the increase in consumption. We can establish the variability in medical practice for this disease (AU)

[Femoroacetabular impingement as a cause of inguinal pain]. / Pinzamiento femoroacetabular: Conceptos básicos en una nueva causa de dolor inguinal.

Femoro-acetabular impingement is an anatomical disturbance of the hip, caused by a deformity of the acetabulum, femur or both that causes an abnormal contact between both structures during certain movements. Its prevalence is 10 to 15% and causes chronic inguinal pain. It can be confused with several other causes of inguinal pain such as hernias, facet syndromes, a renal colic, etc. Patients with this condition are usually young individuals with inguinal pain that may appear after a minor trauma. During examination, pain may be elicited by infernal rotation and abduction movements of hip, flexed in 90 degrees . Plain hip X ray is the most commonly used diagnostic method. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and physical therapy can be used to alleviate pain, but the definitive treatment is surgical.

Pinzamiento femoroacetabular: Conceptos básicos en una nueva causa de dolor inguinal: [revisión] / Femoroacetabular impingement as a cause of inguinal pain: [review]

Femoro-acetabular impingement is an anatomical disturbance of the hip, caused by a deformity of the acetabulum, femur or both that causes an abnormal contact between both structures during certain movements. Its prevalence is 10 to 15 percent and causes chronic inguinal pain. It can be confused with several other causes of inguinal pain such as hernias, facet syndromes, a renal colic, etc. Patients with this condition are usually young individuals with inguinal pain that may appear after a minor trauma. During examination, pain may be elicited by infernal rotation and abduction movements of hip, flexed in 90°. Plain hip X ray is the most commonly used diagnostic method. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and physical therapy can be used to alleviate pain, but the definitive treatment is surgical.