Wood trait preferences of Neotropical xylophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).

Tree life history strategies are correlated with functional plant traits, such as wood density, moisture content, bark thickness, and nitrogen content; these traits affect the nutrients available to xylophagous insects. Cerambycid beetles feed on substrates that vary in these traits, but little is known about how they affect community composition. The goal of this project is to explore the community composition of two cerambycid subfamilies (Cerambycinae and Lamiinae) according to the wood traits in the wood they eat. In a salvage project conducted adjacent to the Panama Canal, trees were felled and exposed to Cerambycidae for oviposition. Disks from branches of differing thickness from the same plant individuals were used to calculate wood density, moisture content, and bark thickness in the field; nitrogen data were acquired offsite. Thick and thin branches tended to differ in wood trait values; therefore, data were analyzed separately in subsequent analyses. In thin branches, cerambycid abundance and species richness were higher in samples with less dense, moister wood, and thicker bark. Thick branches showed similar trends, but the wood traits accounted for little variability in beetle abundance or species richness. There were no significant regressions between beetle data and nitrogen. Cerambycines emerged more slowly, and from denser, drier wood, than lamiines. Cerambycines might be more drought-tolerant than lamiines, and therefore more resistant to the longer, more severe dry seasons that are predicted to occur due to climate change.

La historia de vida de los árboles se correlaciona con los rasgos funcionales de la planta, como la densidad de la madera, el contenido de humedad, el grosor de la corteza, y el contenido de nitrógeno; estos rasgos afectan los nutrientes disponibles para los insectos xilófagos. Los escarabajos cerambícidos se alimentan de sustratos que varían en estos rasgos, pero se sabe poco sobre cómo afectan la composición de la comunidad. El objetivo de este proyecto es explorarla composición comunitaria de dos subfamilias de cerambícidos (Cerambycinae y Lamiinae) según las características de la madera que consumen. En un proyecto de salvamento realizado junto al Canal de Panamá, se talaron árboles y se expusieron a Cerambycidae para la oviposición. Se usaron discos de ramas de diferente grosor de las mismas plantas para calcular la densidad de la madera, el contenido de humedad y el grosor de la corteza en el campo; los datos de nitrógeno fueron adquiridos fuera del sitio. Las ramas gruesas y delgadas tendieron a diferir en los valores de las características de la madera; por lo tanto, los datos se analizaron por separado en análisis posteriores. En ramas delgadas, la abundancia de cerambícidos y la riqueza de especies fueron mayores en muestras con madera menos densa, más húmeda y con corteza más gruesa. Las ramas gruesas mostraron tendencias similares, pero las características de la madera explicaron poca variabilidad en la abundancia de escarabajos o la riqueza de especies. No hubo regresión significativas entre los datos del escarabajo y el nitrógeno. Cerambycines surgieron más lentamente y de maderas más densas y secas que los lamiines. Cerambycines podrían ser más tolerantes a la sequía que lamiines y, por lo tanto, más resistentes a las estaciones secas más largas y severas que se prevé que ocurran debido al cambio climático.

Comparison of traditional and DNA metabarcoding samples for monitoring tropical soil arthropods (Formicidae, Collembola and Isoptera).

The soil fauna of the tropics remains one of the least known components of the biosphere. Long-term monitoring of this fauna is hampered by the lack of taxonomic expertise and funding. These obstacles may potentially be lifted with DNA metabarcoding. To validate this approach, we studied the ants, springtails and termites of 100 paired soil samples from Barro Colorado Island, Panama. The fauna was extracted with Berlese-Tullgren funnels and then either sorted with traditional taxonomy and known, individual DNA barcodes ("traditional samples") or processed with metabarcoding ("metabarcoding samples"). We detected 49 ant, 37 springtail and 34 termite species with 3.46 million reads of the COI gene, at a mean sequence length of 233 bp. Traditional identification yielded 80, 111 and 15 species of ants, springtails and termites, respectively; 98%, 37% and 100% of these species had a Barcode Index Number (BIN) allowing for direct comparison with metabarcoding. Ants were best surveyed through traditional methods, termites were better detected by metabarcoding, and springtails were equally well detected by both techniques. Species richness was underestimated, and faunal composition was different in metabarcoding samples, mostly because 37% of ant species were not detected. The prevalence of species in metabarcoding samples increased with their abundance in traditional samples, and seasonal shifts in species prevalence and faunal composition were similar between traditional and metabarcoding samples. Probable false positive and negative species records were reasonably low (13-18% of common species). We conclude that metabarcoding of samples extracted with Berlese-Tullgren funnels appear suitable for the long-term monitoring of termites and springtails in tropical rainforests. For ants, metabarcoding schemes should be complemented by additional samples of alates from Malaise or light traps.

Male ant reproductive investment in a seasonal wet tropical forest: Consequences of future climate change.

Tropical forests sustain many ant species whose mating events often involve conspicuous flying swarms of winged gynes and males. The success of these reproductive flights depends on environmental variables and determines the maintenance of local ant diversity. However, we lack a strong understanding of the role of environmental variables in shaping the phenology of these flights. Using a combination of community-level analyses and a time-series model on male abundance, we studied male ant phenology in a seasonally wet lowland rainforest in the Panama Canal. The male flights of 161 ant species, sampled with 10 Malaise traps during 58 consecutive weeks (from August 2014 to September 2015), varied widely in number (mean = 9.8 weeks, median = 4, range = 1 to 58). Those species abundant enough for analysis (n = 97) flew mainly towards the end of the dry season and at the start of the rainy season. While litterfall, rain, temperature, and air humidity explained community composition, the time-series model estimators elucidated more complex patterns of reproductive investment across the entire year. For example, male abundance increased in weeks when maximum daily temperature increased and in wet weeks during the dry season. On the contrary, male abundance decreased in periods when rain receded (e.g., at the start of the dry season), in periods when rain fell daily (e.g., right after the beginning of the wet season), or when there was an increase in the short-term rate of litterfall (e.g., at the end of the dry season). Together, these results suggest that the BCI ant community is adapted to the dry/wet transition as the best timing of reproductive investment. We hypothesize that current climate change scenarios for tropical regions with higher average temperature, but lower rainfall, may generate phenological mismatches between reproductive flights and the adequate conditions needed for a successful start of the colony.

Catalogue of the Anthribidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of Panama, including new country records and a key to genera.

An updated catalogue of the Anthribidae of Panama is provided, including 134 species in 30 genera, 14 tribes and two subfamilies. A total of 44 species in the following genera are recorded for the first time in the country: Corrhecerus Schoenherr, Eugonus Schoenherr, Euparius Schoenherr, Gymnognathus Schoenherr, Nemotrichus Labram Imhoff, Phaenithon Schoenherr, Piesocorynus Dejean, Anthiera Alonso-Zarazaga Lyal, Ptychoderes Schoenherr, Stenocerus Schoenherr and Toxonotus Lacordaire. The genera Corrhecerus Schoenherr, Eugonus Schoenherr and Anthiera Alonso-Zarazaga Lyal are recorded for the first time in Panama. Although more than 60 unnamed morphospecies were recognized in Panamanian and American collections, at this time no new taxa are described. An illustrated key to the genera of Anthribidae of Panama is included.

A highly resolved food web for insect seed predators in a species-rich tropical forest.

The top-down and indirect effects of insects on plant communities depend on patterns of host use, which are often poorly documented, particularly in species-rich tropical forests. At Barro Colorado Island, Panama, we compiled the first food web quantifying trophic interactions between the majority of co-occurring woody plant species and their internally feeding insect seed predators. Our study is based on more than 200 000 fruits representing 478 plant species, associated with 369 insect species. Insect host-specificity was remarkably high: only 20% of seed predator species were associated with more than one plant species, while each tree species experienced seed predation from a median of two insect species. Phylogeny, but not plant traits, explained patterns of seed predator attack. These data suggest that seed predators are unlikely to mediate indirect interactions such as apparent competition between plant species, but are consistent with their proposed contribution to maintaining plant diversity via the Janzen-Connell mechanism.

The Saturniidae of Barro Colorado Island, Panama: A model taxon for studying the long-term effects of climate change?

We have little knowledge of the response of invertebrate assemblages to climate change in tropical ecosystems, and few studies have compiled long-term data on invertebrates from tropical rainforests. We provide an updated list of the 72 species of Saturniidae moths collected on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, during the period 1958-2016. This list will serve as baseline data for assessing long-term changes of saturniids on BCI in the future, as 81% of the species can be identified by their unique DNA Barcode Index Number, including four cryptic species not yet formally described. A local species pool of 60 + species breeding on BCI appears plausible, but more cryptic species may be discovered in the future. We use monitoring data obtained by light trapping to analyze recent population trends on BCI for saturniid species that were relatively common during 2009-2016, a period representing >30 saturniid generations. The abundances of 11 species, of 14 tested, could be fitted to significant time-series models. While the direction of change in abundance was uncertain for most species, two species showed a significant increase over time, and forecast models also suggested continuing increases for most species during 2017-2018, as compared to the 2009 base year. Peaks in saturniid abundance were most conspicuous during El Niño and La Niña years. In addition to a species-specific approach, we propose a reproducible functional classification based on five functional traits to analyze the responses of species sharing similar functional attributes in a fluctuating climate. Our results suggest that the abundances of larger body-size species with good dispersal abilities may increase concomitantly with rising air temperature in the future, because short-lived adults may allocate less time to increasing body temperature for flight, leaving more time available for searching for mating partners or suitable oviposition sites.

Arthropod Distribution in a Tropical Rainforest: Tackling a Four Dimensional Puzzle.

Quantifying the spatio-temporal distribution of arthropods in tropical rainforests represents a first step towards scrutinizing the global distribution of biodiversity on Earth. To date most studies have focused on narrow taxonomic groups or lack a design that allows partitioning of the components of diversity. Here, we consider an exceptionally large dataset (113,952 individuals representing 5,858 species), obtained from the San Lorenzo forest in Panama, where the phylogenetic breadth of arthropod taxa was surveyed using 14 protocols targeting the soil, litter, understory, lower and upper canopy habitats, replicated across seasons in 2003 and 2004. This dataset is used to explore the relative influence of horizontal, vertical and seasonal drivers of arthropod distribution in this forest. We considered arthropod abundance, observed and estimated species richness, additive decomposition of species richness, multiplicative partitioning of species diversity, variation in species composition, species turnover and guild structure as components of diversity. At the scale of our study (2 km of distance, 40 m in height and 400 days), the effects related to the vertical and seasonal dimensions were most important. Most adult arthropods were collected from the soil/litter or the upper canopy and species richness was highest in the canopy. We compared the distribution of arthropods and trees within our study system. Effects related to the seasonal dimension were stronger for arthropods than for trees. We conclude that: (1) models of beta diversity developed for tropical trees are unlikely to be applicable to tropical arthropods; (2) it is imperative that estimates of global biodiversity derived from mass collecting of arthropods in tropical rainforests embrace the strong vertical and seasonal partitioning observed here; and (3) given the high species turnover observed between seasons, global climate change may have severe consequences for rainforest arthropods.

The Butterflies of Barro Colorado Island, Panama: Local Extinction since the 1930s.

Few data are available about the regional or local extinction of tropical butterfly species. When confirmed, local extinction was often due to the loss of host-plant species. We used published lists and recent monitoring programs to evaluate changes in butterfly composition on Barro Colorado Island (BCI, Panama) between an old (1923-1943) and a recent (1993-2013) period. Although 601 butterfly species have been recorded from BCI during the 1923-2013 period, we estimate that 390 species are currently breeding on the island, including 34 cryptic species, currently only known by their DNA Barcode Index Number. Twenty-three butterfly species that were considered abundant during the old period could not be collected during the recent period, despite a much higher sampling effort in recent times. We consider these species locally extinct from BCI and they conservatively represent 6% of the estimated local pool of resident species. Extinct species represent distant phylogenetic branches and several families. The butterfly traits most likely to influence the probability of extinction were host growth form, wing size and host specificity, independently of the phylogenetic relationships among butterfly species. On BCI, most likely candidates for extinction were small hesperiids feeding on herbs (35% of extinct species). However, contrary to our working hypothesis, extinction of these species on BCI cannot be attributed to loss of host plants. In most cases these host plants remain extant, but they probably subsist at lower or more fragmented densities. Coupled with low dispersal power, this reduced availability of host plants has probably caused the local extinction of some butterfly species. Many more bird than butterfly species have been lost from BCI recently, confirming that small preserves may be far more effective at conserving invertebrates than vertebrates and, therefore, should not necessarily be neglected from a conservation viewpoint.

Insect leaf-chewing damage tracks herbivore richness in modern and ancient forests.

The fossil record demonstrates that past climate changes and extinctions significantly affected the diversity of insect leaf-feeding damage, implying that the richness of damage types reflects that of the unsampled damage makers, and that the two are correlated through time. However, this relationship has not been quantified for living leaf-chewing insects, whose richness and mouthpart convergence have obscured their value for understanding past and present herbivore diversity. We hypothesized that the correlation of leaf-chewing damage types (DTs) and damage maker richness is directly observable in living forests. Using canopy access cranes at two lowland tropical rainforest sites in Panamá to survey 24 host-plant species, we found significant correlations between the numbers of leaf chewing insect species collected and the numbers of DTs observed to be made by the same species in feeding experiments, strongly supporting our hypothesis. Damage type richness was largely driven by insect species that make multiple DTs. Also, the rank-order abundances of DTs recorded at the Panamá sites and across a set of latest Cretaceous to middle Eocene fossil floras were highly correlated, indicating remarkable consistency of feeding-mode distributions through time. Most fossil and modern host-plant pairs displayed high similarity indices for their leaf-chewing DTs, but informative differences and trends in fossil damage composition became apparent when endophytic damage was included. Our results greatly expand the potential of insect-mediated leaf damage for interpreting insect herbivore richness and compositional heterogeneity from fossil floras and, equally promisingly, in living forests.

Arthropod diversity in a tropical forest.

Most eukaryotic organisms are arthropods. Yet, their diversity in rich terrestrial ecosystems is still unknown. Here we produce tangible estimates of the total species richness of arthropods in a tropical rainforest. Using a comprehensive range of structured protocols, we sampled the phylogenetic breadth of arthropod taxa from the soil to the forest canopy in the San Lorenzo forest, Panama. We collected 6144 arthropod species from 0.48 hectare and extrapolated total species richness to larger areas on the basis of competing models. The whole 6000-hectare forest reserve most likely sustains 25,000 arthropod species. Notably, just 1 hectare of rainforest yields >60% of the arthropod biodiversity held in the wider landscape. Models based on plant diversity fitted the accumulated species richness of both herbivore and nonherbivore taxa exceptionally well. This lends credence to global estimates of arthropod biodiversity developed from plant models.

Associational resistance and associational susceptibility: specialist herbivores show contrasting responses to tree stand diversification.

Heterospecific neighbors may reduce damage to a focal plant by lowering specialist herbivore loads (associational resistance hypothesis), or enhance damage by increasing generalist herbivore loads (associational susceptibility hypothesis). We tested the associational effects of tree diversity on herbivory patterns of the tropical focal tree Tabebuia rosea in an experimental plantation setup, which contained tree monocultures and mixed stands. We found higher herbivore damage to T. rosea at higher tree diversity, indicating that T. rosea did not benefit from associational resistance but rather experienced associational susceptibility. The specific consideration of the two dominant insect herbivore species of T. rosea, the specialist chrysomelid Walterianella inscripta and the specialist pyralid Eulepte gastralis, facilitated understanding of the detected damage patterns. Tree diversity exerted opposite effects on tree infestation by the two herbivores. These findings point to resource concentration effects for the chrysomelid beetle (favored by tree monoculture) and to resource dilution effects for the pyralid caterpillar (favored by tree mixture) as underlying mechanisms of herbivore distribution. A strong contribution of the pyralid to overall damage patterns in diversified stands suggests that associational susceptibility may not necessarily be related to higher abundances of generalist herbivores but may also result from specialized herbivores affected by resource dilution effects. Thus, the identity and biology of herbivore species has to be taken into account when attempting to predict damage patterns in forest ecosystems.

DNA-based taxonomy of larval stages reveals huge unknown species diversity in neotropical seed weevils (genus Conotrachelus): relevance to evolutionary ecology.

High diversity in tropical phytophagous insects may be linked to narrow host specificity and host shifts, but tests are complicated by incomplete taxonomy and difficulties in food source identification. Specimens of the highly diverse New World genus Conotrachelus (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) were reared from >17,500 fruits (seeds) at six Central American rain forests. Interception traps were used for comparison with assemblages flying in the forest. Mitochondrial cox1 and the nuclear 28S genes were sequenced for 483 larval and adult specimens. A Yule-Coalescent technique was used to group cox1 sequences into putative species (17 from traps, 48 from rearing). Cox1 sequences of 24 species from museum collections provided matches for three species from traps and no match for the reared species. Inga (Fabaceae) was the predominant host among 15 other genera and 67% of the weevils were monophagous. A three gene tree (cox1, rrnL, 28S) recovered four well-supported clades feeding on Inga confirmed by phylogenetic community analyzes that showed phylogenetic conservation of host plant utilization. This suggests that host shifts are not directly involved in speciation, while the broad taxonomic host range and the evolutionary repeated shifts still contribute to the high species richness in Conotrachelus. The DNA-based approach combining species delimitation and phylogenetic analysis elucidated the evolutionary diversification of this lineage, despite insufficient taxonomic knowledge. Conotrachelus is an example of the diverse tropical groups that require DNA-based taxonomy to study their evolutionary ecology.

Selección de estrategías para elevar el posicionamiento de la exportación de productos de madera de Bolivia

De acuerdo con el diagnóstico realizado, se pudo comprobar que se ha resgistrado un descenso de las exportaciones de productos de madera en los últimos años, producto de la pérdida de competitividad y decremento de la productividad de las empresas, siendo el mercado local insuficiente para poder garantizar la sostenibilidad de los bosques tropicales. La hipótesis que se ha demostrado, está referida a desarrollar un modelo estratégico basado en variables como: Tecnología, Recursos Humanos y Mercado que contribuya a elevar el nivel de las exportaciones. Para dar cumplimiento a la hipótesis se propone como objetivo, realizar la planificación de estrategias para desarrollar el sector industrial maderero incrementando y diversificando las exportaciones de productos de madera. El objeto de estudio es el sector industrial maderero de exportación, que está exportando productos en: mara, roble, cedro y también (en poca cantidad) en maderas alternativas. Se debe reducir al mínimo la exportación de madera aserrada e incorporar la mayor cantidad posible de valor agregado en los productos exportados.

Parálisis de Bell

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en 30 pacientes atendidos en el servicio de cuerpo de guardia y consulta externa del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente "Abel Santamaría", portadores de Parálisis Facial Idiopática o Parálisis de Bell comparando la evolución de los casos agrupados aleatoriamente según esquema de tratamiento en grupos A, B ,C. El grupo A con tratamiento de esteroides y fisioterapia, el grupo B con vitaminas y acupuntura y el grupo C con vitaminas y fisioterapia. Según nuestros resultados el sexo femenino y los grupos etáreos de 15 a 25 años y de 26 a 35 años fueron los más afectados. En el mayor porciento de los casos no se precisaron causas. La recuperación total se logró en el 83,3 por ciento. El tratamiento con acupuntura resultó el más efectivo...(AU)

Síndrome de disfunción muscular y de la articulación témporo-mandibular en adolescentes

Se realizó un estudio en 10 pacientes adolescentes con Síndrome de Disfunción Muscular y de la articulación témporo mandíbular con el objetivo de conocer que causas lo originan, las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes y la conducta terapéutica más efectiva. Se concluyó que los trastornos oclusales y la baja resistencia al estrés fueron los factores principales en su producción. La crepitación, chasquido, el dolor en los músculos masticatorios durante la apertura bucal y la masticación fueron los síntomas más frecuentes. El balance oclusal, la corrección de los hábitos perniciosos y el empleo del láser resultaron los recursos terapéuticos más efectivos...(AU)

Análisis de distribución del flujo sanguíneo cerebral córtico-subcortical en la esquizofrenia / Analysis of cortical and subcortical cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia

Objetivo: Estudiar la distribución del flujo sanguíneo cerebral en estructuras corticales y subcorticales de pacientes esquizofrénicos, comparándolo con voluntarios sanos. Analizar la relación entre perfusión cerebral, sintomatología clínica y medicación neuroléptica. Metodología: Se seleccionó una muestra de 18 pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia (DSM-IV), tratados con neurolépticos (excepto tres casos con medicación suspendida), evaluados con escalas BPRS y PANSS; y un grupo control integrado por 5 voluntarios sanos. Todos fueron estudiados con tomografía de fotón único (SPECT) en el cerebro, usando tecnecio 99-etilencisteinato como trazador (99 mTc-ECD). Se definieron regiones de interés (ROI) en corteza cerebral y complejo tálamo-ganglios basales; la perfusión cerebral cortical se evaluó cuantitativamente, expresándola como porcentaje respecto a corteza occipital. A nivel ganglio-basal se utilizó un análisis semicuantitativo, expresandola en categorías. Resultados: El grupo de pacientes mostró disminución significativa de perfusión en región frontal anterior izquierda ("hipofrontalidad"), con hipoperfusión generalizada en hemisferio izquierdo respecto al derecho, y aumento de diferencia interhemisférica normal. El complejo tálamo-ganglio basal reveló significativa hipoperfusión en pacientes sin neurolépticos y controles. En cambio, los pacientes medicados con neurolépticos y controles mostraron perfusión normal o incrementada a nivel tálamo-ganglio basal. El ítem clínico "trastorno de pensamiento abstracto" mostró alta correlación negativa con estructuras izquierdas (frontal anterior, frontal lateral, témporo-parietal); los demás ítems se correlacionaron con estructuras del hemisferio derecho. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos sugieren un patrón de hiperfusión en hemisferio izquierdo, asociado a un incrementeo de la normal diferencia interhemisférica en los pacientes. El rol jerarquizado de los ganglios basales y tálamo en la patofisiología de la enfermedad y mecanismo de acción de los neurolépticos estaría evidenciado; la neuroleptización aparentemente provocaría aumento de perfusión a nivel ganglio-basal

Avances diagnósticos en esquizofrenia. Evaluación cuantitativa mediante escalas clínicas (BPRS, PANSS, SOFAS): análisis de cuarenta pacientes ambulatorios / Advances in diagnosis of schizophrenia. Quantitative evaluation by means of clinical scales (BPRS, PANSS, SOFAS): analysis of 40 ambulatory patients

La integración de la metodología biométrica, psicométrica y estadística ha permitido construir una serie de escalas clínicas que se han revelado como instrumentos muy útiles en el diagnóstico y clasificación de tipos de esquizofrenia. El objetivo de este estudio es estudiar la validación clínica y la correlación interna e interescala de la Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), y Social and Occupational Funtioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS). Además se analiza la nueva concepción tridimensional de la esquizofrenia incorporada al DSM-IV, y se plantean ítems para evaluar las dimensiones. Indirectamente se evalúa también el grado de coherencia, actualización y adecuación de las tipologias clásicas. Metodología. Se definió una muestra de cuarenta pacientes según estrictos criterios de inclusión y exclusión, que fueron diagnosticados y estudiados por un equipo psiquiátrico entrenado en la aplicación de las escalas. Resultados. En la muestra estudiada se hallaron seis pacientes de tipo residual (15 por ciento), 15 de tipo paranoide (32,5 por ciento), 13 de tipo indiferenciado (32.5 por ciento), y seis de tipo desorganizado (15 por ciento), revelándose diferencias según el sexo. En la BPRS, la distinción entre items específicos y no específicos de esquizofrenia mostró alta correlación de "trastorno de pensamiento", "retracción emocional", "pensamiento inusual" y "embotamiento emocional" como items específicos. La escala PANSS revela adecuada correlació interna en las subescalas Positiva Y Negativa, no así en la general; como ítems positivos, resaltan "delirios", "alucinaciones y desorganización conceptual", y entre los ítems negativos, "retracción emocional", "embotamiento afectivo", y "trastorno del pensamiento abstracto". Existe alta correlación entre la BPRS y la PANSS. De los cinco factores descritos en la BPRS, el factor "anergia" tiene alta correlación con "embotamiento afectivo" y "retracción emocional", mientras que el factor "trastorno de pensamiento" tiene alta correlación con "desorganización conceptual" y "trastorno de pensamiento abstracto". En la concepción dimensional, Psicoticismo tiene alta correlación con "delirio", "alucinaciones" y "grandiosidad"; Desorganizado con "desorganización conceptual", "trastorno de pensamiento abstracto", y "dificultad de contacto"; la dimensión Síntomas Negativos se correlaciona con "retracción emocional", "avolición" y "embotamiento afectivo"...

Proyecto Industrial : Pienso compuesto a partir de Bagazo de caña

Es un documento que tiene como propósito explorar las posibilidades de establecer en el Paraguay una unidad productora de alimentos compuesto para ganado vacuno, en base a derivados de la industria procesadora de la caña de azucár, como son el bagazo, la melza y las levaduras