Assessment of acute toxicity, genotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity of SteLL, a lectin from Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi. Leaves, in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE: Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae), known as Brazilian pepper tree, stands out as a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine. The leaves are popularly used as anti-inflammatory agent and to relieve inflammatory conditions such as bronchitis, ulcers, and wounds, for example. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study evaluated the acute toxicity, genotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity of S. terebinthifolia leaf lectin (SteLL) in mice (Mus musculus). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the acute toxicity assay, the animals were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) or orally (per os) with a single dose of 100 mg/kg. Genotoxicity was assessed by the comet and micronucleus assays. Carrageenan-induced peritonitis and paw edema models were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of SteLL (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.). RESULTS: No animal died and no signs of intoxication or histopathological damage were observed in the acute toxicity assay. Genotoxic effect was not detected. In peritonitis assay, SteLL reduced in 56-69% leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity; neutrophil count decreased by 25-32%, while mononuclear cell count increased by 67-74%. SteLL promoted a notable reduction of paw edema after 4 h (61.1-63.4%). Morphometric analysis showed that SteLL also decreased the thickness of epidermal edema (30.2-40.7%). Furthermore, SteLL decreased MPO activity, plasma leakage, NO release, and modulated cytokines in both peritoneal fluid and paw homogenate. CONCLUSION: SteLL did not induce acute toxicity or genotoxicity in mice and stands out as a promising candidate in the development of new phytopharmaceuticals with anti-inflammatory action.

Why Has a Progressive Court Failed to Protect the Prison Population against COVID-19? Mass Incarceration and Brazil's Supreme Court.

Despite acknowledging the risks of the COVID-19 pandemic for the prison population, Brazil's Supreme Court declined to issue structural injunctions during the health crisis ordering lower courts to consider these risks when making incarceration-related decisions. These injunctions could have been crucial to mitigate mass incarceration and protect the prison population during the pandemic. Through an examination of the Supreme Court's rulings in structural cases and in a sample of over 4,000 habeas corpus decisions, this paper argues that granting these injunctions would have overwhelmed the court with an unmanageable influx of individual claims. Consequently, the Supreme Court acted strategically in anticipation of its limited institutional capacity to enforce compliance with structural injunctions among lower courts. This case study illustrates how practical considerations can hinder structural decisions in criminal law and highlights the limits of structural litigation and constitutional jurisdiction to address mass incarceration.

Atualizações acerca da saúde mental de pessoas que vivem com HIV: uma revisão integrativa

O Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) tem repercutido na consecução de diversos estigmas para as pessoas que vivem com HIV (PVHIV), em uma sociedade mantenedora do olhar discriminatório. Isso ocorre apesar dos avanços a respeito do entendimento fisiopatológico, formas de transmissão e terapêutica. Este estudo visa identificar as correlações entre o adoecimento mental nas PVHIV. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, BVS e SciELO, com triagem de 843 estudos, sendo 12 deles selecionados a partir dos critérios de elegibilidade. Identificou-se maior prevalência de transtornos mentais nos HIV-positivos, sobretudo de depressão, influenciados por fatores sociodemográficos que favorecem a perpetuação desse cenário. Este estudo contribui para o entendimento das necessidades psicossociais e pressupõe acolhimento do serviço de saúde e familiar, além da ampliação de pesquisas que incluam a saúde mental, como foco para a qualidade e integralidade da atenção à saúde das PVHIV.

Effect of Ball-Milling on Starch Crystalline Structure, Gelatinization Temperature, and Rheological Properties: Towards Enhanced Utilization in Thermosensitive Systems.

Starch's crystalline structure and gelatinization temperature might facilitate or hinder its use. Ball milling has frequently been mentioned in the literature as a method for reducing starch size and as a more environmentally friendly way to change starch, such as by increasing surface area and reactivity, which has an impact on other starch properties. In this study, starch samples were milled for varying durations (1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 h) and at different starch-to-ball mass ratios (1:6 and 1:20). Microscopy and XRD revealed that prolonged milling resulted in effective fragmentation and a decrease in crystallinity of the starch granules. Increasing milling times resulted in an increase in amylose content. Rheology and thermal studies revealed that gelatinization temperatures dropped with milling duration and that viscosity and thixotropy were directly influenced. The samples milled for 10, 20, and 30 h at a ratio of 1:20 were the most fragmented and upon drying formed a transparent film at ambient temperature, because of the lower gelatinization temperature. Starch ball milling could lead to the use of this material in thermosensitive systems.

Superabsorbent bacterial cellulose film produced from industrial residue of cashew apple juice processing.

The industrial residue of cashew apple juice processing (MRC) was evaluated as an alternative medium for bacterial cellulose (BC) production by Komagataeibacter xylinus ATCC 53582 and Komagataeibacter xylinus ARS B42. The synthetic Hestrin-Schramm medium (MHS) was used as a control for growing and BC production. First, BC production was assessed after 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 days under static culture. After 12 days of cultivation, K. xylinus ATCC 53582 produced the highest BC titer in MHS (3.1 g·L-1) and MRC (3 g·L-1), while significant productivity was attained at 6 days of fermentation. To understand the effect of culture medium and fermentation time on the properties of the obtained films, BC produced at 4, 6, or 8 days were submitted to infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform, thermogravimetry, mechanical tests, water absorption capacity, scanning electron microscopy, degree of polymerization and X-ray diffraction. The properties of BC synthesized in MRC were identical to those of BC from MHS, according to structural, physical, and thermal studies. MRC, on the other hand, allows the production of BC with a high water absorption capacity when compared to MHS. Despite the lower titer (0.88 g·L-1) achieved in MRC, the BC from K. xylinus ARS B42 presented a high thermal resistance and a remarkable absorption capacity (14664 %), suggesting that it might be used as a superabsorbent biomaterial.

Perfil clínico dos pacientes atendidos em uma unidade especializada em queimados: estudo transversal / Clinical profile of patients treated at a burns unit: a cross-sectional study / Perfil clínico de pacientes atendidos en una unidad especializada en quemados: estudio transversal

Objetivo: descrever o perfil clínico do paciente admitido terapêutica em um Centro de Tratamento de Queimados. Método: estudo transversal e retrospectivo realizado em um hospital militar do Rio de Janeiro da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Amostra composta por 43 prontuários. Análise de variáveis de admissão e desfecho óbito. Protocolo de pesquisa aprovados pelos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa das instituições envolvidas. Resultados: homens de até 39 anos foi o público mais afetado com lesões prevalentes de segundo e terceiro graus, com maior acometimento na região torácica, por agente causador de origem física, apresentando como principal complicação a sepse e desfecho óbito relacionada com a maior taxa de superfície corpórea queimada. Conclusão: os achados demonstram semelhança aos dados do Ministério de Saúde do Brasil, e representam informações adicionais como agente, extensão e grau de queimadura, que podem contribuir na prática assistencial e no gerenciamento de recursos humanos.

Objective: to describe the clinical profile of patients admitted to therapy at a Burn Treatment Center. Method: this retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at a military hospital in Rio de Janeiro city on a sample of 43 medical records to examine admission variables and death as outcome. The research protocol was approved by the research ethics committees of the institutions involved. Results: the group most affected was males up to 39 years old, with prevalent second- and third-degree injuries, mostly involving the thoracic region, caused by agents of physical origin, with sepsis as the main complication, and death as outcome related to greater burn surface area. Conclusion: the findings proved similar to data from Brazil's Ministry of Health, and constitute additional information, such as agent, extent, and degree of burns, which can contribute to care practice and human resource management.

Objetivo: describir el perfil clínico del paciente ingresado a terapia en un Centro de Tratamiento de Quemados. Método: estudio transversal y retrospectivo realizado en un hospital militar de Río de Janeiro, en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Muestra compuesta por 43 historias clínicas. Análisis de las variables de ingreso y desenlace de muerte. Protocolo de investigación aprobado por los Comités de Ética en Investigación de las instituciones involucradas. Resultados: hombres de hasta 39 años fue el público más afectado, con prevalencia de lesiones de segundo y tercero grados, con mayor número de lesiones en la región torácica, por agente causal de origen físico, siendo la principal complicación la sepsis y la muerte relacionada con la tasa más alta superficie corporal quemada. Conclusión: los hallazgos demuestran similitud con los datos del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil y representan información adicional, como el agente, la extensión y el grado de la quemadura, que pueden contribuir para la práctica asistencial y la gestión de recursos humanos.

Evaluation of acute toxicity, 28-day repeated dose toxicity, and genotoxicity of Moringa oleifera leaves infusion and powder.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves infusion and powder are widely used by population due the nutritional and medicinal potentials, however data regarding safety of use are still inconclusive, leading to prohibition of this plant in some countries. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present work investigated the nutritional and phytochemical composition, acute and 28-day repeated dose toxicity, and genotoxicity of M. oleifera leaves infusion and powder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For nutritional characterization of leaf powder, it was determined: humidity; mineral residue (ash); total lipid, protein, carbohydrate, and crude fiber contents; and total caloric value. Phytochemical composition was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The acute toxicity assay used Swiss female albino mice and oral administration in a single dose at 2000 and 5000 mg/kg of infusion or powder. The 28-day repeated dose toxicity assay employed female and male mice, with oral administration of infusion or powder at the doses 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. The animals were evaluated for body weight, water and feed consumption, biochemical and hematological parameters, and histology of the liver, spleen, and kidneys. In vivo genotoxicity and mutagenicity (2000 mg/kg) were evaluated by the comet assay and the micronucleus test, respectively. RESULTS: Nutritional characterization confirmed that M. oleifera leaves are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, and fiber. HPLC indicated the presence of flavonoids and cinnamic derivatives as major polyphenols. Acute toxicity did not reveal alterations in weight gain and water and feed consumptions and no change in biochemical, hematological, and histological parameters. Behavior alterations was observed in the first 2 h after administration at 5000 mg/kg in both treatments. Infusion did not present toxicity when administered for 28 days. Conversely, the powder at 500 and 1000 mg/kg promoted liver and kidney damages observed through biochemical parameters and histopathology. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity were not detected at 2000 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: The present study reveals that M. oleifera leaves are an important source of polyphenols and nutrients. Indiscriminate use of both infusion and crude leaf powder above 2000 mg/kg and powder at 500 and 1000 mg/kg are not recommended. Chronic toxicological studies and establishment of preparation protocols are suggested aiming to guarantee the safety in the use of M. oleifera leaves as nutraceutical by population.

Structural Health Monitoring of Dams Based on Acoustic Monitoring, Deep Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic and a CUSUM Control Algorithm.

Internal erosion is the most important failure mechanism of earth and rockfill dams. Since this type of erosion develops internally and silently, methodologies of data acquisition and processing for dam monitoring are crucial to guarantee a safe operation during the lifespan of these structures. In this context, artificial intelligence techniques show up as tools that can simplify the analysis and verification process not of the internal erosion itself, but of the effects that this pathology causes in the response of the dam to external stimuli. Therefore, within the scope of this paper, a methodological framework for monitoring internal erosion in the body of earth and rockfill dams will be proposed. For that, artificial intelligence methods, especially deep neural autoencoders, will be used to treat the acoustic data collected by geophones installed on a dam. The sensor data is processed to identify patterns and anomalies as well as to classify the dam's structural health status. In short, the acoustic dataset is preprocessed to reduce its dimensionality. In this process, for each second of acquired data, three parameters are calculated (Hjorth parameters). For each parameter, the data from all the available sensors are used to calibrate an autoencoder. Then, the reconstruction error of each autoencoder is used to monitor how far from the original (normal) state the acoustic signature of the dam is. The time series of reconstruction errors are combined with a cumulative sum (CUSUM) algorithm, which indicates changes in the sequential data collected. Additionally, the outputs of the CUSUM algorithms are treated by a fuzzy logic framework to predict the status of the structure. A scale model is built and monitored to check the effectiveness of the methodology hereby developed, showing that the existence of anomalies is promptly detected by the algorithm. The framework introduced in the present paper aims to detect internal erosion inside dams by combining different techniques in a novel context and methodological workflow. Therefore, this paper seeks to close gaps in prior studies, which mostly treated just parts of the data acquisition-processing workflow.

Elucidating the adsorption mechanism of Rhodamine B on mesoporous coconut coir-based biosorbents through a non-linear modeling and recycling approach.

The search for renewable adsorbent materials has increased continuously, being the agro-wastes an interesting alternative. This work aimed to elucidate the mechanism of adsorption of Rhodamine B on crude and modified coconut fibers from aqueous systems and the feasibility of reusing the biosorbents. The chemical modification of crude coconut fiber was carried out by the organosolv process. The biosorbents were characterized by lignocellulosic composition, FTIR, TGA, WCA, SEM, nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BET-BJH), and pH of zero point of charge (pHPZC) analyses. The batch adsorption tests evaluated the effects of the adsorbent and adsorbate dosages, contact time, and temperature on Rhodamine B adsorption. For elucidating the adsorption mechanisms involved in the process, the non-linear forms of kinetic and isotherm models were used. The regeneration of the biosorbents was evaluated by carrying out the desorption experiments. Modified coconut fiber had an increase in the amount of α-cellulose, which influenced its structural, morphological, surface, and porous properties. The removal efficiency of Rhodamine B was about 90% for modified coconut fiber and 36% for crude coconut fiber. The dye adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic for both biosorbents, showing higher spontaneity and affinity with the adsorbate for biosorbent modified. Therefore, the coconut fiber can be considered an alternative to the traditional adsorbent materials that allows the reuse by four times without performance loss, in which its adsorptive capacity has increased through its chemical modification by a biorefinery process.

First record of parasitism by Probopyrus pandalicola (Isopoda, Bopyridae) on the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium acanthurus (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) and ecological interactions.

In this study, we aimed to record, for the first time, parasitic infestation by the isopod Probopyrus pandalicola on the prawn Macrobrachium acanthurus, as well as to register some ecological interactions. We hypothesized that the parasitic infection is able to negatively affect the prawn's nutritional condition and that this interaction can modify growth relationships in male individuals. We collected both parasitized (n = 25) and parasite-free (n = 25) individuals in several locations of the Contas River, state of Bahia, Brazil, which had their morphometric characteristics determined, including of the parasites. Relative growth models were constructed for both groups in order to compare slopes and intercepts and determine if the growth patterns are modified by the parasite. We also determined the body condition of the prawns, which was also compared between the two groups. Our results clearly demonstrated that the parasitic infection is able to induce modifications in relative growth patterns in male individuals and that this isopod is capable of reducing the nutritional condition of the prawns. This study indicates that this parasite can induce deleterious effects in the prawn, but individually. Further studies should be conducted to assess the relevance of our findings in conservation and management.

Effects of blood flow restriction in large and small muscle groups / Efeitos da restrição do fluxo sanguíneo em grupamentos musculares grandes e pequenos / Efectos de la restricción del flujo sanguíneo en grupos musculares grandes y pequeños

ABSTRACT Introduction It is known that strength training brings improvements in health and sports performance by causing muscle hypertrophy and increased strength, as well as modifying some hemodynamic and physiological factors. Several strength training methodologies have been developed, one of which is vascular occlusion. There are few studies with large muscle groups due to poor adherence to the training style and the fact that vascular occlusion of large muscle groups is more difficult. Objective To verify and compare the hemodynamic effects of exercise with and without vascular occlusion in different muscle groups. Methods Quantitative crossover study, with cross-sectional and field procedures. The sample consisted of 10 physically active healthy male and female subjects between 18 and 30 years of age. With the cross-over design, all the volunteers participated in 3 groups: intervention with vascular occlusion, intervention without vascular occlusion and the control group. Results Overall, lactate and cholesterol remained elevated after 15 minutes of recovery and blood glucose and blood pressure did not vary among the groups. Conclusion Vascular occlusion training is an effective method for manipulating hemodynamic variables. Evidence level II; Clinical study.

RESUMO Introdução Sabe-se que o treino de força traz melhorias para a saúde e o desempenho esportivo, por ocasionar hipertrofia muscular e aumento de força, além de modificar alguns fatores hemodinâmicos e fisiológicos. Foram desenvolvidos vários métodos de treinamento de força, entre eles, a oclusão vascular. Porém, existem poucos estudos com grandes grupamentos musculares, devido à pouca adesão ao estilo de treino e ao fato de a oclusão vascular de grandes grupos musculares ser mais difícil. Objetivo Verificar e comparar os efeitos hemodinâmicos do exercício com e sem oclusão vascular em diferentes grupamentos musculares. Métodos Estudo quantitativo, cruzado, com procedimentos transversais e de campo. A amostra foi composta por 10 indivíduos saudáveis e fisicamente ativos do sexo masculino e feminino, na faixa etária de 18 a 30 anos. Com o desenho cruzado, todos os voluntários participaram de 3 grupos: intervenção com oclusão vascular, intervenção sem oclusão vascular e grupo controle. Resultados De forma geral, entre grupos, o lactato e o colesterol se mantiveram elevados depois de 15 minutos de recuperação, a glicemia e as pressões arteriais não variaram. Conclusão O treinamento com oclusão vascular é um método eficaz para manipular as variáveis hemodinâmicas. Nível de evidência II; Estudo clínico.

RESUMEN Introducción Se sabe que el entrenamiento de fuerza trae mejoras para la salud y el desempeño deportivo, por causar hipertrofia muscular y aumento de fuerza, además de modificar algunos factores hemodinámicos y fisiológicos. Fueron desarrollados varios métodos de entrenamiento de fuerza, entre ellos, la oclusión vascular. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios con grandes grupos musculares, debido a la poca adhesión al estilo de entrenamiento y al hecho de que la oclusión vascular de grandes grupos musculares grandes es más difícil. Objetivo Verificar y comparar los efectos hemodinámicos del ejercicio con y sin oclusión vascular en diferentes grupos musculares. Métodos Estudio cuantitativo, cruzado, con procedimientos transversales y de campo. La muestra fue compuesta por 10 individuos saludables y físicamente activos del sexo masculino y femenino, en el grupo de edad de 18 a 30 años. Con el diseño cruzado, todos los voluntarios participaron en 3 grupos: intervención con oclusión vascular, intervención sin oclusión vascular y grupo control. Resultados De forma general, entre los grupos, el lactato y el colesterol se mantuvieron elevados después de 15 minutos de recuperación, la glucemia y las presiones arteriales no variaron. Conclusión El entrenamiento de oclusión vascular es un método eficaz para manipular las variables hemodinámicas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudio clínico.

Aprendizagem baseada em projetos para o ensino-aprendizagem de Saúde Coletiva na Medicina: relato de experiência / Project-based learning for teaching and learning Public Health in Medical care: an experience report / Aprendizaje basado en proyectos para la enseñanza-aprendizaje de Salud Colectiva en la Medicina: relato de experiencia

No sétimo semestre do curso de Medicina de uma universidade federal brasileira, construímos um componente curricular de Saúde Coletiva para problematizar as questões de gênero e sexualidade na interface com as políticas públicas e o cuidado em saúde das pessoas. Elegemos a Aprendizagem Baseada em Projetos (ABPj) como método de ensino-aprendizagem deste componente curricular. Relatamos essa experiência em diálogo com a literatura, refletindo sobre suas potencialidades e desafios. Identificamos a ABPj como capaz de desenvolver habilidades de resolução de problemas e de comunicação, pensamento crítico, gestão de conflitos e profissionalismo. A ABPj também foi capaz de integrar o ensino-aprendizagem das políticas públicas na Saúde Coletiva com a assistência individual desenvolvida em outros componentes curriculares do curso médico. Assim, recomendamos fortemente o uso da ABPj como estratégia para se alcançar o perfil esperado para o profissional de saúde do século XXI. (AU)

During the seventh semester of a medical degree offered by a federal university in Brazil, we developed the curriculum module Public Health to problematize issues related to gender and sexuality at the interface of public policy and health care. We chose project-based learning (PBL) as the teaching-learning method for this module. Drawing on the relevant literature, we provide an account of this experience, reflecting on its strengths and weaknesses. The findings show that PBL enabled the development of problem-solving, communication and conflict management skills, critical thinking and professionalism. PBL was also capable of integrating the teaching and learning of public health policy and individual care developed in other course modules. We therefore strongly recommend the use of PBL as a strategy for achieving the desired health professional profile in the twenty-first century. (AU)

En el séptimo semestre del curso de Medicina de una Universidad Federal Brasileña, construimos un componente curricular de Salud Colectiva para problematizar las cuestiones de género y sexualidad en la Interfaz con las Políticas Públicas y el cuidado de salud de las personas. Elegimos el Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (ABPj) como método de enseñanza-aprendizaje de este componente curricular. Relatamos esa experiencia en diálogo con la literatura, reflexionando sobre sus potencialidades y desafíos. Identificamos el ABPj como capaz de desarrollar habilidades de resolución de problemas y de comunicación, pensamiento crítico, gestión de conflictos y profesionalismo. El ABPj también fue capaz de integrar la enseñanza-aprendizaje de las Políticas Públicas en la Salud Colectiva con la asistencia individual desarrollada en otros componentes curriculares del curso médico. Por lo tanto, recomendamos fuertemente el uso del ABPj como estrategia para alcanzar el perfil esperado para el profesional de salud del siglo XXI. (AU)

Population biology and sexual dimorphism in the freshwater prawn Atya scabra (Decapoda: Atyidae) in the Contas River, Bahia, Brazil / Biología poblacional y dimorfismo sexual en la gamba de agua dulce Atya scabra (Decapoda: Atyidae) en el río Contas, Bahía, Brasil

Introduction: Crustaceans have economic and ecological importance and the role of caridean crustaceans in lentic environments is crucial to maintain the trophic structure. The species Atya scabra is occasionally associated with fisheries, especially in Northeast and Northern Brazil. Objective: To determine the population structure, reproductive period, patterns of growth and distribution of size classes among sexes in a population of the prawn A. scabra in the De Contas River, Bahia, Brazil. Methods: Individuals were sampled in a period of one year by passing sieves through marginal vegetation and using dragnets. In the laboratory, we recorded the sex of the individuals and measured them using a pachymeter with 0.001 mm precision. The dimensions measured were CL (carapace length), TL (total length) and CW (carapace width). In order to analyze data, linear models for the relationships CL × CW were constructed and the type of allometry for each sex was determined. Individuals were grouped into size classes of 5 mm intervals. A chi-square test (χ2) was used to test deviation from the 1:1 sex ratio. The proportion of ovigerous females was registered for each month to determine the breeding period. Results: A total of 517 individuals were collected, 328 were males and 186 females of which 169 were ovigerous. Males showed a polymodal distribution in size classes and were significantly larger than females, which presented a unimodal distribution in size classes. The observed growth patterns demonstrated that both sexes present negative allometry. However, sexual dimorphism was detected when comparing the growth parameters. Ovigerous females were sampled the entire year and size-frequency data demonstrated that recruitment also occurs throughout the year, which allowed us to classify their reproduction as continuous. Conclusions: Our data is essential to draw sustainable fishery management strategies. We suggest a minimum capture size of 70 mm and capture restrictions from May to August.

Introducción: Los crustáceos tienen importancia económica y ecológica y el papel de los crustáceos carideanos en los entornos lénticos es crucial para mantener la estructura trófica. La especie Atya scabra se asocia ocasionalmente con la pesca, especialmente en el noreste y norte de Brasil. Objetivo: Determinar la estructura de la población, período reproductivo, patrones de crecimiento y la distribución de las clases de tamaño entre los sexos en una población de gambas A. scabra en el río de Contas, Bahía, Brasil. Métodos: Se tomaron muestras de los individuos en un período de un año pasando tamices en la vegetación marginal y usando redes de arrastre (dragnets). En el laboratorio, registramos el sexo de los individuos y los medimos utilizando un paquímetro con precisión de 0.001 mm. Las dimensiones medidas fueron CL (longitud del caparazón), TL (longitud total) y CW (ancho del caparazón). Para analizar los datos, se construyeron modelos lineales para las relaciones CL × CW y se determinó el tipo de alometría para cada sexo. Los individuos se agruparon en clases de tamaño de intervalos de 5 mm. La prueba de chi-cuadrado (χ2) se utilizó para determinar desviaciones en la proporción de sexos 1:1. La proporción de hembras ovígeras se registró en cada mes para determinar el período de reproducción. Resultados: Se recolectaron un total de 517 individuos, 328 machos y 186 hembras, de las cuales 169 eran ovígeras. Los machos mostraron una distribución polimodal en las clases de tamaño y fueron significativamente más grandes que las hembras, las cuales presentaron una distribución unimodal en las clases de tamaño. Los patrones de crecimiento observados demostraron que ambos sexos presentan alometría negativa. Sin embargo, se detectó dimorfismo sexual al comparar los parámetros de crecimiento. Se tomaron muestras de hembras ovígeras durante todo el año y los datos de frecuencia de tamaño demostraron que el reclutamiento también se produce durante todo el año, lo que nos permitió clasificar la reproducción como continua. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos son esenciales para elaborar estrategias sostenibles de gestión pesquera. Sugerimos un tamaño mínimo de captura de 70 mm y restricciones de captura desde mayo hasta agosto.

Plastic ingestion lead to reduced body condition and modified diet patterns in the rocky shore crab Pachygrapsus transversus (Gibbes, 1850) (Brachyura: Grapsidae).

In this study, we aimed to identify impacts of plastic ingestion by the ecologically important rocky shore crab Pachygrapsus transversus. We sampled individuals from August 2019 to January 2020 in a reef environment and determined their body condition and diet diversity. In order to test our hypothesis that plastic retention in the foregut is able to decrease the condition factor, we compared it between contaminated and non-contaminated individuals. A correlation test of number of ingested plastic fibres against trophic diversity was made to corroborate the hypothesis that plastic ingestion modifies the feeding patterns. Our results demonstrated that contaminated individuals had lower body condition. Also, we confirmed that debris ingestion can influence feeding patterns. These outcomes were probably linked to starvation and nutrient loss effects. We discussed that this crab is a potential sentinel specie for addressing impacts of solid pollution and a candidate for monitoring plastic contamination in reef environments.

Isometric exercises have high responsiveness to lower limbs / Exercícios isométricos possuem alta responsividade para membros inferiores

INTRODUCTION: For post-surgical rehabilitation of the anterior cruciate ligament, the medialis and the lateralis vastus need to be worked on for good recovery. There is the discussion about the isometric and isotonic exercises to be used in the rehabilitation phase, and their results diverge in the literature. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare the activation of the medialis and the lateralis vastus in isometric and isotonic exercises. METHODS: Eleven subjects (seven men and four women) physically active and experienced in resistance training participated in the study. Anamnesis, anthropometric assessment, 10 Repetition maximum (RM) load test, maximum voluntary isometric contraction test and squat test were performed. RESULTS: For the vastus lateralis of the right leg, the electromyographic activity was significantly higher in the maximal isometric voluntary contraction compared to the dynamic squatting (p<0.05). The same was observed for the left leg (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Recruitment of the medial and the lateral vastus in isometric exercises is higher in relation to isotonic exercises.

INTRODUÇÃO: Para a reabilitação pós-cirúrgica do ligamento cruzado anterior, os vastos medial e lateral precisam ser trabalhados visando uma boa recuperação. Discute-se a respeito dos exercícios isométricos e isotônicos a serem utilizados na fase de reabilitação, tendo seus resultados divergentes na literatura. OBJETIVO: Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo é comparar a ativação dos vastos medial e lateral em exercícios isométricos e isotônicos. MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 11 sujeitos (sete homens e quatro mulheres), fisicamente ativos e com experiência em musculação. Foi realizada a anamnese, a avaliação antropométrica, o teste de carga de 10 repetições máximas (RM), o teste de contração voluntária isométrica máxima e o teste de agachamento. RESULTADOS: No vasto lateral da coxa direita, a atividade eletromiográfica foi significativamente maior na contração voluntária isométrica máxima em relação ao agachamento dinâmico (p<0,05). O mesmo foi observado na coxa esquerda (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O recrutamento dos vastos medial e lateral em exercícios isométricos é maior em relação a exercícios isotônicos.

O MBTI na Educação Médica: uma Estratégia Potente para Aprimorar o Trabalho em Equipe / The MBTI in Medical Education: a Powerful Strategy to Develop Teamwork

RESUMO A assistência à saúde torna-se cada vez mais complexa, e as novas demandas exigem que as pessoas readaptem seus processos de trabalho para a construção de uma equipe multiprofissional que assegure integralidade, qualidade e efetividade do cuidado aos usuários do sistema de saúde. A Association of American Medical Colleges recomendou que os currículos médicos buscassem estratégias para o desenvolvimento de colaboração, responsabilidade compartilhada e equipes de alto desempenho, caracterizadas pelas habilidades de liderança, tomada de decisões, comunicação, resolução de conflitos, autoconhecimento, cooperação, corresponsabilidade e compromisso. Em consonância com essa orientação, as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) para os Cursos de Graduação em Medicina afirmam que o estudante deve ser capaz de assumir liderança nas relações interpessoais, com comprometimento, responsabilidade, empatia, habilidade para tomada de decisões, comunicação e desempenho de ações efetivas, mediada pela interação, participação e diálogo, objetivando o bem-estar da comunidade. Uma estratégia para a produção de equipes e o desenvolvimento de competências do trabalho em equipe é o Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), amplamente utilizado nos setores de recursos humanos, de gerenciamento e administração na construção de equipes, com o propósito de autoconhecimento e autodesenvolvimento, desenvolvimento organizacional, treinamento gerencial e desenvolvimento curricular acadêmico e profissional. Assim, o MBTI foi incorporado ao planejamento e à execução de um componente curricular de Saúde Coletiva, no sétimo semestre de um curso de Medicina de uma universidade federal brasileira, como estratégia para a divisão das equipes de trabalho durante o período. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste artigo é relatar a experiência vivenciada e realizar análises quantitativa e qualitativa dessa experiência por meio de respostas discentes obtidas em questionários. Após a realização do MBTI pelos estudantes, para a formação das equipes foi aplicado o agrupamento por temperamento, que consiste em reunir os 16 tipos psicológicos em quatro temperamentos: SJ (guardiães), SP (artesãos), NF (idealistas) e NT (racionais). As equipes de trabalho foram formadas de modo que cada uma fosse composta por pelo menos um representante de cada temperamento. A análise quantitativa demonstrou que a intervenção foi estatisticamente significativa. A análise qualitativa das respostas às questões abertas foi obtida inicialmente pela categorização das informações, seguida pelo agrupamento em categorias amplas, por meio da análise de conteúdo. As categorias "formação de equipes satisfatória", "oportunidade de autoconhecimento e conhecimento dos pares pelo MBTI" e "discordância da divisão segundo MBTI" elucidaram a percepção discente sobre as potencialidades e desafios do uso do MBTI na formação de equipes na educação médica. Com essa experiência, percebemos que somar habilidades individuais é possível e importante não apenas para a construção de produtos finais de qualidade, mas para que o processo de trabalho seja valorizado e permita autoconhecimento e o desenvolvimento de habilidades de relação interpessoal. Fica evidente a importância de que, enquanto estudantes e professores, profissionais de saúde e pessoas, nós nos permitamos ser afetados pelo potencial transformador do processo educacional para que, então, sejamos capazes de agir também como agentes promotores da mudança.

ABSTRACT Health care has become increasingly complex and new needs demand that people readjust their work processes towards the construction of multi-professional teams that assure users comprehensive, effective, high quality care. The Association of American Medical Colleges has recommended that medical curricula seek strategies for collaborative development, shared responsibility, and high-performance teams characterized by leadership, decision-making, communication, conflict resolution, self-knowledge, cooperativity, co-responsibility, and commitment. Accordingly, the National Curriculum Guidelines for Medical Undergraduate Courses states that the student must be able to take leadership in interpersonal relationships with commitment, responsibility, empathy, ability to make decisions, communication and perform effective actions, mediated by interaction, participation and dialogue, aiming at the community's well-being. One strategy to produce teams and develop teamwork skills is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), widely used in the human resources, management and administration sectors in team building, with the purpose of self-knowledge and self-development, organizational development, managerial training, and academic and professional curriculum development. Thus, the MBTI was incorporated into the planning and execution of a Public Health discipline, in the seventh semester of a Medicine course of a Brazilian Federal University, as a strategy for the division of working teams during the academic period. The objective of the present article, therefore, is to report the experience and to perform a quantitative and qualitative analysis based on student answers obtained in questionnaires. Following application of the MBTI test, teams were formed according to the students' temperament, with the sixteen psychological types divided into four large groups of temperaments: SJ (guardians), SP (craftsmen), NF (idealists), NT (rational). The teams were created so that they each had at least one representative of each temperament. The quantitative analysis shows that the intervention was statistically significant. Qualitative analysis of the answers to the open-ended questions was obtained initially by categorization of the information, followed by grouping into broad categories, through content analysis. The categories "satisfactory team formation", "opportunity for self-knowledge and peer knowledge by the MBTI", and "disagreement with the MBTI division" elucidated the students' perceptions about the potentialities and challenges of using the MBTI for team division in medical training. The experience taught us that adding individual skills is possible and important, not only for the construction of quality end products, but for the work process to be valued, allowing self-knowledge and the development of interpersonal skills. It is evident that we, as students and teachers, health professionals and people, should allow ourselves to be affected by the transformative potential of the educational process in order to enable us to act as agents that promote change.

Interference of Seasonal Variation on the Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of the Essential Oils from the Leaves of Iryanthera polyneura in the Amazon Rain Forest.

The essential oils (EOs) obtained from the leaves of Iryanthera polyneura Ducke trees was chemically Assessed and tested for the ability of inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and S. sanguinis. The oil was also tested against breast (MCF-7) and prostate (PC-3) cancer cell lines. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and 50 % inhibition concentrations (IC50 ) values were obtained. EOs were active against Gram-positive bacteria. Spathulenol, α-cadinol and τ-muurolol were major components of EOs. The oils showed a higher cytotoxicity against PC-3 than MCF-7 cells, although the oils were active against both cell types. Oils obtained from leaves collected in the dry season were more active against E. faecalis, S. aureus and PC-3, while the oils obtained from leaves collected in the rainy season were more active against S. mutans, S. sanguinis and MCF-7. The antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the essential oils from the leaves of I. polyneura are related to the seasonal climate variation and are influenced by compounds that are minor components of the oils.

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection drives changes in systemic immune activation profile in patients coinfected with Plasmodium vivax malaria.

BACKGROUND: Plasmodium vivax and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) are globally outspread in similar geographic regions. The concurrence of both infections and its association with some degree of protection against symptomatic and/or severe vivax malaria has been already described. Nevertheless, data on how host response to both pathogens undermines the natural progression of the malarial infection are scarce. Here, a large cohort of vivax malaria and HBV patients is retrospectively analyzed in an attempt to depict how inflammatory characteristics could be potentially related to the protection to severe malaria in coinfection. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a databank containing 601 individuals from the Brazilian Amazon, including 179 symptomatic P. vivax monoinfected patients, 145 individuals with asymptomatic P. vivax monoinfection, 28 P. vivax-HBV coinfected patients, 29 HBV monoinfected subjects and 165 healthy controls, was performed. Data on plasma levels of multiple chemokines, cytokines, acute phase proteins, hepatic enzymes, bilirubin and creatinine were analyzed to describe and compare biochemical profiles associated to each type of infection. RESULTS: Coinfected individuals predominantly presented asymptomatic malaria, referred increased number of previous malaria episodes than symptomatic vivax-monoinfected patients, and were predominantly younger than asymptomatic vivax-monoinfected individuals. Coinfection was hallmarked by substantially elevated concentrations of interleukin (IL)-10 and heightened levels of C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2. Correlation matrices showed that coinfected individuals presented a distinct biomarker profile when compared to asymptomatic or symptomatic P. vivax patients, or HBV-monoinfected individuals. Parasitemia could distinguish coinfected from symptomatic or asymptomatic P. vivax-monoinfected patients. HBV viremia was associated to distinct inflammatory profiles in HBV-monoinfected and coinfected patients. CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrate a distinct inflammatory profile in coinfected patients, with characteristics associated with immune responses to both pathogens. These host responses to P. vivax and HBV, in conjunction, could be potentially associated, if not mainly responsible, for the protection against symptomatic vivax malaria.

Role-Play como Estratégia Pedagógica para Problematizar as Linhas de Cuidado Integral em Saúde aos Adolescentes e Jovens / Role-Play as a Pedagogical Strategy to Problematize the Lines of Comprehensive Health Care for Adolescents and Young People

RESUMO Diante da necessidade de integrar o debate de gênero e sexualidade à formação médica, uma unidade curricular de Saúde Coletiva de um curso de Medicina público federal propôs a metodologia da Aprendizagem Baseada em Projetos (ABPj) para essa formação. Nessa proposta pedagógica, os estudantes constroem um produto final como recurso para intervenção/aprimoramento da realidade. Dessa forma, a metodologia da Problematização, com o Arco de Maguerez, forneceu o subsídio à concretização desses produtos. Cada um desses projetos utilizou uma das políticas públicas relacionadas ao debate em torno do gênero e da sexualidade. Neste artigo, relata-se o projeto relacionado à Política Pública de Atenção Integral à Saúde de Adolescentes e Jovens na Promoção, Proteção e Recuperação da Saúde. Na apresentação desse produto foi utilizada a metodologia do role-play, com três cenas, para intervenção/aprimoramento da realidade observada/vivida. Essa experiência também conquistou a premiação de melhor trabalho apresentado naquele ano no Congresso Brasileiro de Educação Médica, construindo nessa escola médica um espaço formal para o desenvolvimento de competências no tocante aos determinantes sociais de gênero e sexualidade, para uma prática médica integral e equânime. Este relato de experiência destaca ainda a relevância do uso de metodologias ativas, como a ABPj e role-play, na educação médica.

ABSTRACT Faced with the need to integrate the gender and sexuality debate into medical training, a Public Health curricular unit from a Federal Public Medicine course proposed the Project Based Learning (PjBL) methodology as a resource for the implementation of this debate. In this pedagogical proposal, the students construct a final product as a resource for intervention/improvement of reality. Thus, the methodology of Problematization, with the Arch of Maguerez, supported the consolidation of these products. Each of these projects was based on one of the public policies that are related to the debate of gender and sexuality. In this article, we report the project related to the public policy of Comprehensive Health Care for Adolescents and Young People in Health Promotion, Protection and Recovery. The presentation of this product was made using the methodology of role-play, with three scenarios, for intervention/improvement in the observed/lived reality. This experience also won the award for best work presented that year at the Brazilian Congress of Medical Education, building a formal space for the development of gender and sexuality determined competencies in the Medical School, to ensure comprehensive and equal medical practice. Moreover, this report highlights the relevance of the use of active methodologies, such as PjBL and role-play, in medical education.

Nanofibrillated bacterial cellulose and pectin edible films added with fruit purees.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a water resistant and strong material for edible films. Previous studies have been conducted on edible films containing fruit purees, but not using BC. In this study, films with or without fruit (mango or guava) purees were prepared using different ratios of nanofibrillated BC (NFBC) to pectin. The addition of fruit purees increased water vapor permeability (in about 13-18 times), reduced tensile strength (in more than 90%) and modulus (in about 99%), and increased elongation (in about 13 times), due to plasticizing effects of fruit sugars and matrix dilution by the purees. The partial or total replacement of pectin with NFBC resulted in improved physical properties, making the films stronger, stiffer, more resistant to water, and with enhanced barrier to water vapor. Fruit containing films based on pectin are suggested for sachets, whereas applications for food wrapping or coating may benefit from the use of NFBC.