RESUMO
The objective of the present review was to analyse the problems of expert evaluation of the results of forensic chemical investigations of clozapine in the biological material. Such an analysis is needed because many topical aspects of the quantitative evaluation of toxic clozapine concentrations remain unclear. The treatment with clozapine is associated with its accumulation in blood in concentrations up to 2 mg/l in the absence of any toxic effect allegedly due to the development of tolerability of this agent. In the tolerant patients the ratio of the main clozapine metabolite, norclozapine, to clozapine itself in the serum amounts to 0.6-0.9. This value falls down to 0.3-0.4 in case of acute intoxication. In the case of identification of other pharmaceutical products narcotic drugs together with clozapine their influence on the activity of enzymes responsible for clozapine biotransformation should be taken into consideration. The concomitant intake of clozapine and alcohol may be dangerous for the clozapine-intolerant subjects. It is concluded that the above observations must be borne in mind in the assessment of the results of forensic chemical analysis.
Assuntos
Clozapina , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos , Antipsicóticos/análise , Antipsicóticos/farmacologia , Antipsicóticos/toxicidade , Biotransformação , Clozapina/análise , Clozapina/farmacologia , Clozapina/toxicidade , Interações Medicamentosas , Tolerância a Medicamentos , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/diagnóstico , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/etiologia , Prova Pericial/métodos , Toxicologia Forense/métodos , HumanosRESUMO
The method for the determination of clozapine during chemical studies of cadaveric blood, urine, and liver (kidneys) has been developed based on the use of high performance liquid chromatography. Clozapine losses were estimated at 40-60% with the fractional uncertainty below 10-11% and the detection limit of 0.001 mg%. An algorithm for the estimation of the quality of clozapine isolation and the results of analysis of individual samples is proposed.
Assuntos
Cadáver , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Clozapina , Toxicologia Forense/métodos , Fígado/química , Algoritmos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/estatística & dados numéricos , Clozapina/sangue , Clozapina/isolamento & purificação , Clozapina/urina , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Patologia Legal , Humanos , Limite de DetecçãoRESUMO
It was shown that a single quadrupole mass-selective detector coupled to the HPLC system can be used in forensic chemical practice for the detection and quantitative measurement of morphine and codeine in forensic in various biological objects. An algorithm for the reliable identification of opiates in a concentration range starting from 0.002 mg% with a relative error below 20% (mean ca 9.5%) is proposed.
