[Multifactor analysis of nodular goiter by the method of artificial neural network].

Study of 297 patients with preparative methods of nontoxic nodular goiter and cytological diagnose "adenomatosis" with the use of artificial neural network (ANN) were analyzed. Malignant pathology could be supposed with 95.5% accuracy when we applied experience of trained ANN. Clinical, instrumental and cytologic criteria, which make possible to prognosticate degree of malignant process in thyroid gland parenchyma, were determined. Painless elastic nodules with sonographically iso- o hyperechogenic structure, with clear outline and cytologically determined adenomatosis in combination with colloid can be interpreted as benign lesion of thyroid gland.

[Morphologic diagnosis of various forms of thymus gland diseases in children using morphometry]. / Morfologicheskaia diagnostika nekotorykh form patologii vilochkovoi zhelezy u detei s pomoshch'iu morfometrii.

Quantitative criteria of obscure thymic pathology (OTP) are obtained by morphometric study of the thymus of 102 infants with severe infectious-inflammatory processes (IIP). OTP is characterised by depression of epithelial hyperplasia in accidental involution found in 28.4% IIP and is followed by the disturbances mainly in the cell immunity system. This type of thymus pathology is associated in 69% of cases with congenital anomaly of the viscera and skeleton this allowing to regard it as a form of thymus fetal dysplasia.

[The immunomodulating properties of the erythrocytes in an experimental staphylococcal infection]. / Immunomoduliruiushchie svoistva éritrotsitov pri éksperimental'noi stafilokokkovoi infektsii.

Experiments on 130 mice of different strains have revealed that washed mouse erythrocytes taken on day 7 of experimental staphylococcal infection induce the pronounced increase of humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells in syngeneic recipients, while mouse erythrocytes taken on day 14 of this infection induce immunosuppression. Erythrocytes acquire immunosuppressive properties at the period of red blood regeneration.

[Systematic study of the morphology of the immune and endocrine organs during the infectious process]. / Sistemnoe issledovanie morfologii immunnykh i éndokrinnykh organov pri infektsionnom protsesse.

Immune and endocrine organs of 259 children and adults who had died of sepsis, local purulent-inflammatory affections were studied morphologically and morphometrically. It is established, that compensatory morphological changes in the lymphoid tissue and endocrine organs are integrated into a united system the structural basis of which are numerous inter- and intra-organ correlations. A systemic interaction between the lymphoid and endocrine organs at early age is pronounced much weaker than in the adults. A progressive destruction of this systemic interaction takes place in sepsis and results in an increase of informational entropy and the coefficient of the system disintegration. Inability of the body to fight bacteremia and to localize the infection is secondary to the system destruction this being due to high frequency of previous immuno-endocrinopathies.

Information analysis of immune and endocrine organs. Morphological changes in the course of infection.

Morphological and morphometric studies were conducted into lymphoid and endocrine organs of 259 human adults and infants with pyoinflammatory diseases (PID) and of 300 experimental mice. Informative and correlation analyses of the data thus recorded provided evidence to the effect that in the course of an infection process adaptation and compensation responses were characterized by intensified exchange of information within the immune-endocrine system (IES). Septic courses of PID were found to be accompanied by impairment of inter-organ correlations, increase in information entropy and progressive structural disorganization of the IES.

[The phenomenon of tachyphylaxis in the pathogenesis of an experimental infectious process]. / Fenomen takhifilaksii v patogeneze éksperimental'nogo infektsionnogo protsessa.

Experiments on mice have revealed that the development of experimental purulent infection is accompanied by a considerable increase in the nonspecific resistance of the animals to additional infection with unrelated bacteria (the effect of tachyphylaxis). Morphologically, this is manifested by the rapid limitation of the focus of inflammation at the site of inoculation of the superinfecting agent. The state of the phagocytic apparatus is of great importance for this phenomenon as disturbances in the macrophage activity caused by the injection of carrageenan abolish the protective effect of primary infection. The phenomenon of tachyphylaxis has been shown to play a certain role in the prevention of the septic generalization of the process and in resistance to superinfection.

[Sepsis and local inflammatory processes in infants: mathematical approach to pathomorphological differential diagnosis]. / Sepsis i lokal'nye vospalitel'nye protsessy u detei rannego vozrasta: matematicheskii podkhod k patomorfologicheskoi differentsial'noi diagnostike.

The structure of thymus, spleen, adrenal and thyroid glands and changes in peripheral white blood cells formula were studied in 97 cases of sepsis and local inflammatory processes (LIP) in infants. A complex of differential diagnostic features of sepsis and LIP was defined. Mathematical use of the complex significantly increases the objectivity of sepsis and LIP diagnosis.

[A method of immunofluorescent detection of antibody-producing cells and antigens in tissues]. / K metodike immunoliuminestsentnogo vyiavleniia v tkaniakh antiteloobrazuiushchikh kletok i antigenov.

The authors have developed a simple technique for complete and selective suppression of the granulocytes nonspecific fluorescence. The method consists of an additional treatment of the histological sections in a medium for myeloperoxidase detection. Resulting staining of the granulocyte cytoplasm completely inhibits its fluorescence.

["Fenaf"--a new histochemical stain]. / "Fenaf"--novyi gistokhimicheskii krasitel'.

The authors have synthesized a new dye which by its histochemical properties is analogous to the imported aldehyde-fuchsin but much cheaper. The production of this dye under the trade name "Fenaf" is organized at Shostka's factory of chemicals. The dye reveals neurosecretion, thyrothrophocytes of the adenohypophysis, tissue mast cells and other structures that are stained with aldehyde-fuchsin.

[Immunosuppression in experimental staphylococcal infection and its effect on antimicrobial resistance]. / Immunosupressiia pri éksperimental'noi stafilokokkovoi infektsii i ee vliianie na protivomikrobnuiu rezistentnost'.

Experiments on CBA and (CBA X C57BL)F1 mice have revealed that a prolonged period of antigen-nonspecific immunosuppression of humoral immunity develops in experimental staphylococcal infection; this period of suppression may be preceded by a short phase of antigen-nonspecific immunostimulation. Immunosuppression is linked with the accumulation of antigen-nonspecific T-suppressors in the spleen, these T-suppressors being capable of the manifestation of their activity both in vitro and in vivo in cases of their transplantation to semi-syngeneic recipients. Immunosuppression does not aggravate the course of staphylococcal infection and is accompanied by an increase in resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa superinfection, which is due to the stimulation of inflammatory reaction at the site of the injection of the superinfecting agent.

[Morphological aspects of inopportune fatty metamorphosis of the thymus]. / Morfologichekie aspekty nesvoevremennogo zhirogo metamorfoza vilochkovoi zhelezy.

Thymus glands from 43 early infants who died of asphyxia, birth injury and inflammatory diseases were studied morphologically. Unscheduled fatty metamorphosis (UFM) of the thymus was found in 32% of cases of inflammatory diseases. Lipid containing cells of the thymus are thymic macrophages in the state of irreversible lipoid dystrophy and death. Macrophagal enzymopathy with the disturbance of intracellular lipid digestion may account for it. Lipid dystrophy is also noted in some epithelial cells. It is shown that the accumulation of the lipids in thymic macrophages occurs not only in unscheduled fatty metamorphosis, but also during the accidental transformation of the thymus, thus the latter may be considered as a physiologic analogue of UFM. In case of UFM, however, this process acquires a pathologic character and results in macrophage death. Therefore, UFM may be considered as a variant of the accidental transformation abnormality of the thymus.

[Hypoplasia of the thymus gland in children]. / Gipoplaziia vilochkovoi zhelezy u detei.

Morphological changes of the thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and other organs in two observations of severe combined insufficiency (SCIN) in infants of the first year of life are described. In both cases there was hypoplasia of the thymus with the lack or occasional thymic bodies and poor content of thymocytes in the lobules. In one infant, hypoplasia of the thymus was combined with intestinal angiomatosis which suggested the syndrome of ataxia-teleangiectasia. In the other infant, SCIN was associated with severe granulocytopenia of the Kostman type. In this case epithelial cells of the lobules formed adenomatous structures. Both infants died with sepsis developing against the background of SCIN.

Vascular changes in hyperacute meningococcal sepsis as a manifestation of pathogenic action of immune complexes.

The analysis of post mortem examinations of 175 cases of meningococcal sepsis concentrates on a description of vascular changes as the chief manifestation of the given disease. The changes consisted in the destruction of the endothelium, mucoid swelling or fibrinoid changes of the wall of minute vessels, and disseminated intravascular blood clotting. In sum, these changes can be described as generalized microangiothrombopathy. In the affected vascular walls and in the thrombotic masses the presence of antigen-antibody immune complexes was found. It is therefore possible to regard hyperacute meningococcal sepsis as a manifestation of pathogenic action of immune complexes--as a consequence of massive blood invasion by antigen and of rapid formation of a great number of antigen-antibody complexes.

[Immunomorphologic aspects of sepsis in children under 1-year-old]. / Immunomorfologicheskie aspekty sepsisa u detei pervogo goda zhizni.

Lymphoid system was studied morphologically in 61 infants aged under 1 year dying of sepsis, nonseptic inflammatory diseases and non-inflammatory processes. It was established that in sepsis generalization of the immune response and decompensation of the lymphoid system occurred in the development of which previous disorders of immune responsiveness (thymus pathology, immaturity of the lymphoid system of premature babies, respiratory viral infections) are of great importance. Unlike sepsis, local inflammatory processes are characterized predominantly by limited immune reaction and decompensation of lymphoid system has a local character. In babies of the first month of age reactions of the T-lymphocyte system predominate, in older babies those of the B-lymphocyte system.

[Pathogenesis of certain forms of sepsis]. / K patogenezu nekotorykh form sepsisa.

Morphology of the lymphoid system was studied in 69 fatal cases due to sepsis, 25 due to massive local inflammatory processes and 18 sudden deaths (norm). In contrast to local inflammatory processes, the main feature of sepsis is a generalized reaction of the lymphoid system with signs of immunogenesis decompensation. Decompensation of the afferent part of immunogenesis manifested in glycogenolysis disorders, degenerative and necrotic changes of macrophages, inhibition of phagocytosis is important in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Decompensation of the central and efferent parts in most severe cases of sepsis is manifested in depletion of the lymph nodes and spleen and inhibition of immunoglobulin synthesis. The main issue in the pathogenesis of fulminating meningococcal sepsis is the formation of antigen-antibody immune complexes leading to the involvement of the microcirculatory channel vessels and disseminated intravascular blood coagulation.