Differential effects of PPARgamma activation by the oral antidiabetic agent pioglitazone in Barrett's carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a key transcription factor regulating genes involved in adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis and cell differentiation. Moreover, PPARgamma has been demonstrated to control proliferation and apoptosis in various cancer cells. We investigated the biological effects of PPARgamma activation by the oral antidiabetic agent pioglitazone in Barrett's adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: PPARgamma mRNA and protein were overexpressed in endoscopic biopsies of Barrett's epithelium and the human Barrett's adenocarcinoma cancer cell line OE33 as compared to normal esophagus and stomach and the esophageal squamous epithelium cancer cell line Kyse-180. PPARgamma activation by pioglitazone in OE33 cells in vitro led to reduced cell growth by induction of apoptosis. Effects of systemic PPARgamma activation by the thiazolidinedione pioglitazone on tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis were then assessed in vivo in nude mice bearing transplantable Barrett's adenocarcinomas derived from OE33 cells. Unexpectedly, enhanced growth of OE33 derived transplantable adenocarcinomas was observed in Balb/c nu/nu mice upon systemic pioglitazone treatment due to increased cell proliferation. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that PPARgamma is involved in the molecular pathogenesis of Barrett's adenocarcinoma formation and growth. However, activation of PPARgamma exerts differential effects on growth of Barrett's adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo emphasizing the importance of additional cell context specific factors and systemic metabolic status for the modulation of PPARgamma action in vivo.

Anthocyanidins modulate the activity of human DNA topoisomerases I and II and affect cellular DNA integrity.

In the present study, we investigated the effect of anthocyanidins on human topoisomerases I and II and its relevance for DNA integrity within human cells. Anthocyanidins bearing vicinal hydroxy groups at the B-ring (delphinidin, DEL; cyanidin, CY) were found to potently inhibit the catalytic activity of human topoisomerases I and II, without discriminating between the IIalpha and the IIbeta isoforms. However, in contrast to topoisomerase poisons, DEL and CY did not stabilize the covalent DNA-topoisomerase intermediates (cleavable complex) of topoisomerase I or II. Using recombinant topoisomerase I, the presence of CY or DEL (> or = 1 microM) effectively prohibited the stabilization of the cleavable complex by the topoisomerase I poison camptothecin. We furthermore investigated whether the potential protective effect vs topoisomerase I poisons is reflected also on the cellular level, affecting the DNA damaging properties of camptothecin. Indeed, in HT29 cells, low micromolar concentrations of DEL (1-10 microM) significantly diminished the DNA strand breaking effect of camptothecin (100 microM). However, at concentrations > or = 50 microM, all anthocyanidins tested (delphinidin, cyanidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, and paeonidin), including those not interfering with topoisomerases, were found to induce DNA strand breaks in the comet assay. All of these analogues were able to compete with ethidium bromide for the intercalation into calf thymus DNA and to replace the minor groove binder Hoechst 33258. These data indicate substantial affinity to double-stranded DNA, which might contribute at least to the DNA strand breaking effect of anthocyanidins at higher concentrations (> or = 50 microM).

TDP1 overexpression in human cells counteracts DNA damage mediated by topoisomerases I and II.

Tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) is a repair enzyme that removes adducts, e.g. of topoisomerase I from the 3'-phosphate of DNA breaks. When expressed in human cells as biofluorescent chimera, TDP1 appeared more mobile than topoisomerase I, less accumulated in nucleoli, and not chromosome-bound at early mitosis. Upon exposure to camptothecin both proteins were cleared from nucleoli and rendered less mobile in the nucleoplasm. However, with TDP1 this happened much more slowly reflecting most likely the redistribution of nucleolar structures upon inhibition of rDNA transcription. Thus, a steady association of TDP1 with topoisomerase I seems unlikely, whereas its integration into repair complexes assembled subsequently to the stabilization of DNA.topoisomerase I intermediates is supported. Cells expressing GFP-tagged TDP1 > 100-fold in excess of endogenous TDP1 exhibited a significant reduction of DNA damage induced by the topoisomerase I poison camptothecin and could be selected by that drug. Surprisingly, DNA damage induced by the topoisomerase II poison VP-16 was also diminished to a similar extent, whereas DNA damage independent of topoisomerase I or II was not affected. Overexpression of the inactive mutant GFP-TDP1(H263A) at similar levels did not reduce DNA damage by camptothecin or VP-16. These observations confirm a requirement of active TDP1 for the repair of topoisomerase I-mediated DNA damage. Our data also suggest a role of TDP1 in the repair of DNA damage mediated by topoisomerase II, which is less clear. Since overexpression of TDP1 did not compromise cell proliferation, it could be a pleiotropic resistance mechanism in cancer therapy.

Distinct effects of topoisomerase I and RNA polymerase I inhibitors suggest a dual mechanism of nucleolar/nucleoplasmic partitioning of topoisomerase I.

Topoisomerase I is mostly nucleolar, because it plays a preeminent role in ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription. It is cleared from nucleoli following exposure to drugs stabilizing covalent DNA intermediates of the enzyme (e.g. camptothecin) or inhibiting RNA polymerases (e.g. actinomycin D), an effect summarily attributed to blockade of rDNA transcription. Here we show that two distinct mechanisms are at work: (i). Both drugs induce inactivation and segregation of the rRNA transcription machinery. With actinomycin D this leads to a co-migration of RNA-polymerase I and topoisomerase I to the nucleolar perimeter. The process has a slow onset (>20 min), is independent of topoisomerase I activity, but requires the N-terminal domain of the enzyme to colocalize with RNA polymerase I. (ii). Camptothecin induces, in addition, immobilization of active topoisomerase I on genomic DNA resulting in rapid nucleolar clearance and spreading of the enzyme to the entire nucleoplasm. This effect is independent of the state of rRNA transcription, involves segregation of topoisomerase I from RNA polymerase I, has a rapid onset (<1 min), and requires catalytic activity but neither the N-terminal domain of topoisomerase I nor its major sumoylation site. Thus, nucleolar/nucleoplasmic partitioning of topoisomerase I is regulated by interactions with RNA polymerase I and DNA but not by sumoylation.

Residues 190-210 of human topoisomerase I are required for enzyme activity in vivo but not in vitro.

DNA-topoisomerase I (topo I) unwinds the DNA- double helix by cutting one strand and allowing rotation of the other. In vitro, this function does not require the N-terminal domain of the enzyme, which is believed to regulate cellular properties. To assess this role, we studied the cellular distribution and mobility of green fluorescent protein-chimera of human topo I lacking either the entire N-terminal domain or a portion of it. We find that topo I truncated up to position 210 is not stabilized by camptothecin in covalent DNA-complexes inside a living cell, whereas in vitro it retains full DNA-relaxation activity, and is targeted by camptothecin in the usual manner. This difference is not shared with a fragment lacking the N-terminal domain up to position 190, indicating that residues 190-210 play a crucial role for the activity of the enzyme in its physiological environment, but not in vitro. Since it is impossible to discriminate in vivo whether this region is required for topo I to form covalent DNA intermediates in the cell, or just for camptothecin to bind and stabilize such complexes, we could not explain precisely these cellular observations. However, inactivity in vivo of the enzyme lacking this region is indicated by a lesser cytotoxicity.

The N-terminal domain anchors human topoisomerase I at fibrillar centers of nucleoli and nucleolar organizer regions of mitotic chromosomes.

DNA topoisomerase I releases torsion stress created by DNA transcription. In principle, this activity is required in the nucleoplasm for mRNA synthesis and in the nucleoli for rRNA synthesis. Yet, topoisomerase I is mostly a nucleolar protein. Current belief holds that this preference is triggered by the N-terminal domain of the enzyme, which constitutes a nucleolar import signal. Contradicting this view, we show here that nucleolar accumulation of various fragments of topoisomerase I is correlated with their lesser mobility in this compartment and not with the N-terminal domain being intact or present. Therefore, the N-terminal domain is not likely a nucleolar import signal. We show that it rather serves as an adaptor that anchors a subpopulation of topoisomerase I at fibrillar centers of nucleoli and nucleolar organizer regions of mitotic chromosomes. Thus, it provides a steady association of topoisomerase I with the rDNA and with RNA polymerase I, which is maintained in a living cell during the entire cell cycle.

Changes in mobility account for camptothecin-induced subnuclear relocation of topoisomerase I.

DNA topoisomerase I is a nucleolar protein, which relocates to the nucleoplasm in response to drugs stabilizing topoisomerase I.DNA intermediates (e.g. camptothecin). Here we demonstrate that this phenomenon is solely caused by the drug's impact on the interplay between mobility and localization of topoisomerase I in a living cell nucleus. We show by photobleaching of cells expressing biofluorescent topoisomerase I-chimera that the enzyme moves continuously between nucleoli and nucleoplasm. Complex kinetics of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching indicates that two enzyme fractions with different mobility coexist in nucleoli and nucleoplasm. However, the whole complement of topoisomerase I is in continuous flux between these compartments and nucleolar accumulation can plausibly explained by the enzyme's 2-fold lesser overall mobility in nucleoli versus nucleoplasm. Upon addition of camptothecin, topoisomerase I relocates within 30 s from the nucleoli to radial nucleoplasmic structures. At these sites, the enzyme becomes retarded in a dose-dependent manner. Inside nucleoli the mobility of topoisomerase I is much less affected by camptothecin. Thus, the enzyme's distribution equilibrium is shifted toward the nucleoplasm, which causes nucleolar delocalization. In general, topoisomerase I is an entirely mobile nuclear component, unlikely to require specific signaling for movements between nuclear compartments.