Effect of Revtech thermal processing on volatile organic compounds and chemical characteristics of split yellow pea (Pisum sativum L.) flour.

Yellow pea (Pisumsativum L.) is an economically rich source of nutrients with health-promoting effects. However, the consumption of pea ingredients is minimal due to their off-flavor characteristics. The present study investigated the effect of Revtech heat treatment on the chemical profile and volatile compounds in split yellow pea flour. Revtech treatment (RT) was applied at 140°C with a residence time of 4 min in dry condition (RT 0%) and in the presence of 10% steam (RT 10%). Both thermal treatments resulted in a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in lipoxygenase activity and the concentration of key beany-related odors such as heptanal, (E)-2-heptenal, 1-octen-3-ol, octanal, and (E)-2-octenal. In addition, RT 10% resulted in a significant reduction in pentanal, 1-penten-3-ol, hexanal, and 1-hexanol compared to untreated flour. The content of known precursors of lipoxygenase such as linoleic and linolenic acids was found in higher concentrations in heat-treated flours, indicating the efficacy of Revtech technology in minimizing the degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. No significant changes in the amino acid composition or the 29 selected phenolic compounds in pea flours were observed with Revtech processing except for two compounds, caffeic acid and gallocatechin, which were found at higher concentrations in RT 0%. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Thermal processing of split yellow pea flours at 140°C using Revtech technology successfully decreased the concentrations of volatile compounds responsible for beany off-flavor while improving the nutritional quality of studied yellow pea flours. These results provide valuable information to the food industry for developing novel pulse-based products with enhanced sensory characteristics.

Evolution of Carthamus species revealed through sequence analyses of the fad2 gene family.

The diversity of 11 fatty acid desaturase (fad2) genes has not been investigated between cultivated and wild species in the Carthamus genus. In this study, 17 C. tinctorius accessions and 28 accessions from other Carthamus species were subjected to sequence analyses of this fad2 gene family. Results showed that among these genes, fad2-1 had a major role in the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid. Grouping of all studied wild polyploid species and the wild diploid C. leucocaulos suggested that C. lanatus transferred its fad2-1 gene to C. turkestanicus and C. lanatus. A phylogenetic tree based on fad2-1 gene sequences also showed that C. palaestinus and C. oxyacanthus grouped with C. tinctorius individuals, suggesting that C. tinctorius is closely related to both wild species. A one base pair deletion at position 604 in the fad2-1 gene coding region correlated with high levels of oleic acid content in five mutant phenotypes of the evaluated C. tinctorius accessions. Grouping of fad2-1 and fad2-8 (Ctfad2-10) indicated that both of these genes are involved in oleate desaturases activity. The fad2-3 (Ctfad2-3) and Ctfad2-4 had the highest sequence similarity among the other fad2 genes, indicating the conservative nature of these two genes among all the studied species. Our results suggest that C. lanatus is the likely progenitor of C. turkestanicus and C. creticus (Synonym C. baeticus). Also, C. palaestinus is genetically closer to C. tinctorius but the involvement of C. oxyacanthus cannot be excluded and, this requires further investigation.

Comparison between Canadian Canola Harvest and Export Surveys.

Parameters, such as oil, protein, glucosinolates, chlorophyll content and fatty acid composition, were determined using reference methods for both harvest survey samples and Canadian Canola exports. Canola harvest survey and export data were assessed to evaluate if canola harvest survey data can be extrapolated to predict the quality of the Canadian canola exports. There were some differences in some measured parameters between harvest and export data, while other parameters showed little difference. Protein content and fatty acid composition showed very similar data for harvest and export averages. Canadian export data showed lower oil content when compared to the oil content of harvest survey was mainly due to a diluting effect of dockage in the export cargoes which remained constant over the years (1.7% to 1.9%). Chlorophyll was the least predictable parameter; dockage quality as well as commingling of the other grades in Canola No. 1 Canada affected the chlorophyll content of the exports. Free fatty acids (FFA) were also different for the export and harvest survey. FFA levels are affected by storage conditions; they increase during the shipping season and, therefore, are difficult to predict from their harvest survey averages.

Analysis of quinclorac and quinclorac methyl ester in canola from the 2015 harvest using QuEChERS with liquid chromatography polarity-switching tandem mass spectrometry.

A method using QuEChERS sample preparation with liquid chromatography polarity-switching tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated for the analysis of quinclorac and its degradation product quinclorac methyl ester in canola seed. The method was used to analyse canola treated with quinclorac, harvest sample composites and samples of canola shipments. Quinclorac residues were present in all samples of canola treated with a quinclorac-containing herbicide that were analysed. Quinclorac was found in 93% of samples, with an average of 0.018 mg kg(-1). All samples contained quinclorac methyl ester, with an average of 0.061 mg kg(-1). The average concentration of total residues (as quinclorac equivalents) on treated canola was 0.075 mg kg(-1), with a range of 0.016-0.124 mg kg(-1). The observed residues were all at least 10 times lower than the Canadian maximum residue limit of 1.5 mg kg(-1). Quinclorac and quinclorac methyl ester were not found in any harvest and export composite samples, which represented the majority of canola grown in western Canada in 2015 and canola exported in late 2015. Even though usage of quinclorac-containing herbicide on canola can result in the presence of low concentrations of residues, the absence of quinclorac residues in harvest and shipment samples suggests that use of quinclorac-containing herbicide was not widespread, and that any residues present were diluted as canola was combined along the grain-handling chain into shipment lots, or segregated and prevented from entering shipment lots.

Effect of Extraction Method on the Phenolic and Cyanogenic Glucoside Profile of Flaxseed Extracts and their Antioxidant Capacity.

The application of flaxseed extracts as food ingredients is a subject of interest to food technologists and nutritionists. Therefore, the influence of the extraction method on the content and composition of beneficial compounds as well as anti-nutrients is important. In the study, the effects of two solvent extraction methods, aqueous and 60 % ethanolic, on phenolic and cyanogenic glucoside profiles of flaxseed extract were determined and compared. The impact of extracted phenolic compounds on the antioxidant capacity of the extracts was also investigated. Defatted meals from brown and golden flax varieties were used as extraction material. The ethanolic extraction was more selective for phenolics (100.8-131.7 mg g-1) than the aqueous one (11.5-15.7 mg g-1). However, the contribution of particular phenolic compounds to total phenolics was much more dependent on flax variety than extraction method. A strong relationship was observed between both radical scavenging and ferric reducing activity and the content of phenolics (particularly secoisolariciresinol diglucoside). The correlation between extract chelating ability and phenolics was moderate suggesting that other flaxseed compounds are involved in this activity. The extraction method strongly affected cyanogenic glucoside content of flaxseed extracts; the aqueous extraction caused 96 % reduction in cyanogenic glucoside content (0.56-0.62 mmol g-1) when compared to the content in defatted meal (9.1-11.6 mmol g-1). On the contrary, ethanolic extraction resulted in the high cyanogenic glucoside content in the extracts (71-89 mmol g-1). The results reveals that ethanolic extraction gives extracts rich in antioxidant lignans; aqueous extracts have lower antioxidant activity than ethanolic but cyanogenic glucosides are significantly reduced.

Value-added potential of expeller-pressed canola oil refining: characterization of sinapic acid derivatives and tocopherols from byproducts.

Valuable phenolic antioxidants are lost during oil refining, but evaluation of their occurrence in refining byproducts is lacking. Rapeseed and canola oil are both rich sources of sinapic acid derivatives and tocopherols. The retention and loss of sinapic acid derivatives and tocopherols in commercially produced expeller-pressed canola oils subjected to various refining steps and the respective byproducts were investigated. Loss of canolol (3) and tocopherols were observed during bleaching (84.9%) and deodorization (37.6%), respectively. Sinapic acid (2) (42.9 µg/g), sinapine (1) (199 µg/g), and canolol (344 µg/g) were found in the refining byproducts, namely, soap stock, spent bleaching clay, and wash water, for the first time. Tocopherols (3.75 mg/g) and other nonidentified phenolic compounds (2.7 mg sinapic acid equivalent/g) were found in deodistillates, a byproduct of deodorization. DPPH radical scavenging confirmed the antioxidant potential of the byproducts. This study confirms the value-added potential of byproducts of refining as sources of endogenous phenolics.

Identification, characterization, and quantification of an anti-pyridoxine factor from flaxseed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

In the present study, the anti-pyridoxine compounds linatine (1-[(n-γ-L-glutamyl)amino]-D-proline) and 1-amino-D-proline (1ADP) were quantified following extraction from defatted flaxseed using aqueous isopropanol as a solvent, with extraction variables including time, temperature, and the solid/solvent ratio. Both linatine and 1ADP were identified, characterized, and quantified via UPLC/ESI-MS using authentic standards. To optimize the extraction conditions for these anti-pyridoxine compounds, a response surface methodology was applied using a second-order polynomial to describe the experimental data. The predicted model for the optimal extraction was significant (P < 0.05) with a R(2) of 0.82. A varietal analysis showed that the amount of anti-pyridoxine present in flaxseed ranged from 177 to 437 µg 1ADPE/g of whole seed. The current study establishes the content of specific anti-pyridoxine factors in flaxseed and positions the data for use in subsequent risk assessment modeling.

Development of optimized extraction methodology for cyanogenic glycosides from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum).

A reference method (higher accuracy) and a routine method (higher throughput) were developed for the extraction of cyanogenic glycosides from flaxseed. Conditions of (essentially) complete extraction were identified by comparing grinding methods and extraction solvent composition, and optimizing solvent-to-meal ratio, extraction time, and repeat extraction. The reference extraction method consists of sample grinding using a high-speed impact plus sieving mill at 18 000 rpm with a 1.0 mm sieve coupled with triple-pooled extraction in a sonicating water bath (40 degrees C, 30 min) using 75% methanol. The routine method differs by the use of a coffee mill to grind samples and a single extraction. The 70 and 80% methanol solutions were equal and superior to other combinations from 50 to 100% aqueous ethanol or methanol. The extraction efficiencies of the routine method (relative to the reference method) was 87.9 +/- 2.0% SD (linustatin) and 87.6 +/- 1.9% SD (neolinustatin) using four composite samples that were generated from seeds of multiple cultivars over two crop years and locations across Western Canada. Ground flaxseed was stable after storage at room temperature, refrigeration, or freezing for up to 7 days, and frozen for at least 2 weeks but less than 2 months. Extracts were stable for up to 1 week at room temperature and at least 2 weeks when refrigerated or frozen.

(n-7) and (n-9) cis-Monounsaturated fatty acid contents of 12 Brassica species.

cis-Vaccenic acid or cis-11-octadecenoic acid, a C18:1 (n-7) isomer of oleic acid (C18:1 (n-9)) has been found in several oilseeds. It is synthesized from palmitic acid (C16:0) via production of C16:1 (n-7) by a Delta9 desaturase and elongation by an elongase giving C18:1 (n-7). In this study, the fatty acid composition of 12 Brassica species was analyzed by GC-FID and confirmed by GC-MS. All species contained C18:1 (n-7), C20:1 (n-7) and C22:1 (n-7) fatty acid isomers, suggesting that C18:1 (n-7) was elongated. The levels of these fatty acids varied according to the species. C18:1(n-7)) represented from 0.4% to 3.3% of the total relative fatty acid contents of the seeds. The contents of C20:1(n-7) and C22:1(n-7) levels were lower than C18:1(n-7) contents; the relative fatty acid composition varied from 0.02% to 1.3% and from below the limit of detection to 1.3% for C20:1 (n-7) and C22:1 (n-7), respectively. The ratios of (n-7)/(n-9) ranged from 2.8% to 16.7%, 0.6% to 29.5% and 0% to 2.6% for C18:1, C20:1 and C22:2, respectively. Using statistical similarities or differences of the C18:1 (n-7)/(n-9) ratios for chemotaxonomy, the surveyed species could be arranged into three groups. The first group would include Brassica napus, B. rapa, and B. tournefortii with Eruca sativa branching only related to B. napus. The second group would include B. tournefortii, Raphanus sativus and Sinapis alba. The last group would include B. juncea, B. carinata and B. nigra with no similarity/relationship between them and between the other species. Results suggested that the level of C20:1 (n-7) influenced the levels of all monounsaturated fatty acids with chain length higher than 20 carbons. On the other hand, palmitoleic acid (C16:1) levels, C16:1 being the parent of all (n-7) fatty acids, had no statistically significant correlation with the content of any of the fatty acids of the (n-7) or (n-9) family.

Development of extraction and gas chromatography analytical methodology for cyanogenic glycosides in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum).

The development of well-characterized rapid methodology for the extraction and gas chromatographic analysis of the cyanogenic glycosides linustatin and neolinustatin from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is reported. Two quantitation methods using phenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside as an internal standard are described: direct quantitation using linustatin and neolinustatin external standard curves [standard curve slope variabilities of 2.6 and 5.7% relative standard deviation (RSD), respectively, over 7 days] or by use of methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as a surrogate external standard, with conversion factors to convert to linustatin and neolinustatin concentration [1.109 +/- 0.015 (SD) mg linustatin/mg methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and 1.180 +/-0.067 (SD) mg neolinustatin/mg methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside]. The former method is direct, thereby contributing less uncertainty to the method, and the latter adds a small degree of uncertainty coupled with considerable cost savings. Limits of detection for all standards were in the low- to sub-nanogram level and were 10-100 times lower than the lower limit of quantitation (LOQ). Repeatability precision was performed on 2 separate days at the lower and upper LOQs, with the RSD in peak response being 1% or lower in all cases. Extraction methods were evaluated for their ability to extract linustatin and neolinustatin from flaxseed using several combinations of aqueous ethanol, and recoveries were determined against the highest yielding method. Recoveries were as low as 82%, indicating that optimized extraction methodology is critical for the accuracy of results.