RESUMO
Recent advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have drastically improved the quality of life for people with HIV infection. However, owing to the persistence of latent HIV in the presence of therapy, patients must remain on therapy indefinitely. Currently, the solution to the HIV pandemic rests on the prevention of new infections and many decades of ART for the steadily expanding number of people infected worldwide. ART is costly, requires ongoing medical care, and can have side effects, thereby preventing its universal availability. Therefore, to escape the ironic burdens of therapy, efforts have begun to develop treatments for latent HIV infection. Current approaches propose either complete eradication of infection or induction of a state of stringent control over viral replication without ART. This review will discuss these strategies in detail and their potential for clinical development.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/tendências , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Latência Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/métodos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/métodos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/tendências , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/genética , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Resultado do Tratamento , Latência Viral/genéticaRESUMO
A new approach to detecting drug positives for cocaine in urine having benzoylecgonine concentrations below the Department of Defense (DoD) cutoffs was examined by measuring the concentrations of the metabolite ecgonine. The DoD cutoff concentrations for determining a positive for cocaine are 150 and 100 ng/mL for radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. To facilitate this approach, a new assay was developed for ecgonine using only 1 mL urine. The urine was passed through an anion-exchange cartridge, and the eluant was evaporated to dryness in a water bath under nitrogen. The residue was subjected to nonylation and a standard back extraction procedure before a second derivatization with propionic anhydride. A total of 139 urine specimens were analyzed in this manner, and 104 yielded ecgonine concentrations greater than 50 ng/mL. The average ecgonine concentration in the latter specimens was approximately 5 times the comparable benzoylecgonine concentration. By monitoring ecgonine alone or in conjunction with benzoylecgonine, the number of cocaine positives detected in urine could be dramatically increased.
Assuntos
Cocaína/análogos & derivados , Entorpecentes/urina , Cocaína/isolamento & purificação , Cocaína/urina , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , Entorpecentes/isolamento & purificação , RadioimunoensaioAssuntos
Corte , Hibridização Genética , Comportamento Sexual Animal/fisiologia , Animais , DrosophilaRESUMO
The kinetics of mating in species of Drosophila that copulate for periods of time greater than the duration of experimental observation can be described precisely by an equation that combines second order reaction kinetics with the exponential decay of a lag factor. The two rate constants for this kinetic system were estimated from mating data using a wild-type D. simulans strain, a wild-type D. melanogaster strain, and vestigial mutant D. melanogaster males with wild-type females. The results confirm the applicability of second order kinetics, and demonstrate the usefulness of the model in comparisons of mating rates among strains of flies. In most cases, the model explains more than 95% of the variance in the data, and in addition sheds light on the mechanics of the process of mating.
