Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressants and bleeding risk in breast cosmetic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most common antidepressant prescribed currently. Data regarding SSRI use among plastic surgery patients may differ between different populations, but the incidence could be as high as 10 %. It is known that SSRIs decrease platelet serotonin storage and platelet function, and their association with postsurgical bleeding in mastectomy patients and orthopedic surgery patients is well established. An increased risk of postsurgical bleeding among plastic surgery patients may have important clinical implications, but this has not been evaluated to date. The authors therefore conducted a hospital-based study with prospectively collected data to examine the association between the use of SSRIs and postsurgical bleeding. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of SSRIs on bleeding risk in the breast cosmetic surgery population. METHODS: All patients who underwent breast cosmetic plastic surgery procedures (breast augmentation, breast reduction, or mastopexy) at our institution between January of 2001 and December of 2011 were reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups by SSRI use history: a no-use group and an active-use group. The primary end point for a bleeding event was the need for intervention. Patients were further subcategorized by type of breast surgery performed, body mass index, and age. Descriptive statistics tabulated the frequency of a bleeding event within the groups. Logistic regression was applied to evaluate the risk of a bleeding event according to the use of SSRIs. The odds ratios (ORs) with their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) associating SSRI use with postoperative bleeding were computed. RESULTS: During the study period, 2,285 patients had breast cosmetic surgery, and 33 of these patients (1.44 %) experienced a bleeding event (hematoma requiring surgical draining). Of the 196 patients (8.58 %) in the active-use group, 9 (4.59 %) experienced a bleeding event. Of the 2,089 patients in the no-use group, 24 (1.15 %) presented with bleeding. The patients using SSRIs had a 4.14-fold greater risk of breast hematoma needing intervention than the patients who were not users (OR, 4; 95 % CI, 1.90-9.04). Logistic regression also showed that bleeding events were more common among the SSRI users regardless of the type of procedure performed, the body mass index, or the age group. CONCLUSIONS: Use of SSRIs is associated with a fourfold increased risk of bleeding after breast cosmetic surgery (from 1.44 to 4.59 %). The decision of psychologically vulnerable patients to stop SSRIs before surgery should not be made without a complete discussion of the risks and benefits. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Triple-anchoring sub-SMAS face-lift.

BACKGROUND: This article presents the senior author's (ARB) 10-year experience with a rhytidectomy technique that incorporates concepts of modern facial shaping and contour using a sub-SMAS repositioning of volumetric units with partial sub-SMAS elevation (tunnel dissection), periosteal anchoring of SMAS and volumetric units, and limited skin undermining. METHODS: The cases of triple-anchoring sub-SMAS face-lift performed from January 2000 to January 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. Primary and secondary cases were included. All case data and photography were analyzed. Data regarding patient age, sex, and operative time were gathered. Complication rates were also calculated. RESULTS: A total of 626 patients had a face-lift using the author's technique in this period. A total of 484 patients had a primary face-lift and 142 had secondary surgery. Experience with 626 rhytidectomies performed over a 10-year period indicates that this operation can be completed safely with satisfactory results and a low incidence of complications. To alter effectively the facial contour, a system that reliably elevates the facial volumetric units is needed. After adequate release of the retaining ligaments, the thick SMAS is used as a load-bearing layer. All the tension is transferred from the SMAS to a fixed periosteal anchor point. Each volumetric unit of the face (mala, lateral, and cervical) should be independently mobilized and fixed. CONCLUSION: The author's technique was shown to be effective in repositioning facial volumes. It was a predictable and reliable technique with few complications over the years. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors at http://www.springer.com/00266.

Mycobacteriosis in patients with breast implants: a case review from the Ivo Pitanguy Institute / Micobacteriose em implantes mamários: revisão da casuística do Instituto Ivo Pitanguy

INTRODUCTION: Reports of infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria during plastic surgery have increased in recent years despite improvements in techniques of asepsis/antisepsis and antibiotic prophylaxis. Infections occurring after the insertion of breast implants are a cause of patient morbidity and a significant problem for the surgeon. METHODS: Breast implant surgery cases complicated by mycobacterial infections at the Infirmary ward 38th of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia, Rio de Janeiro were retrospectively reviewed. A description of the current guidelines for the prevention and treatment of mycobacteriosis is included. Laboratory confirmed and clinically suspected cases were included in this study. RESULTS: Of 483 augmentation mammaplasty cases, 3 patients developed mycobacterial infections in the last 3 years. In 2 patients, there was a suspicion of infection that was not confirmed by laboratory data. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylaxis is fundamental for reducing the incidence of mycobacteriosis during plastic surgery procedures. However, the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of mycobacterial diseases are important to minimize the morbidity of this type of infection.

INTRODUÇÃO: Nos últimos anos, foram crescentes os registros de infecções por micobactéria de crescimento rápido em cirurgia plástica, mesmo com a melhoria dos métodos de assepsia/ antissepsia e da antibioticoprofilaxia. A infecção após inclusão de implantes mamários causa grande morbidade às pacientes e transtorno ao cirurgião. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo dos casos de infecção por micobactéria de crescimento rápido da 38ª Enfermaria da Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, após inclusão de implantes mamários, em que são apresentadas propostas de prevenção e tratamento da micobacteriose. Foram incluídos os casos confirmados laboratorialmente e os clinicamente suspeitos. RESULTADOS: Até o presente momento foram confirmados 3 casos de infecção por micobactéria, num total de 483 mamaplastia de aumento no decorrer de 3 anos. Em 2 pacientes, houve suspeita de infecção, porém sem confirmação laboratorial. CONCLUSÕES: A profilaxia é o pilar fundamental para a redução do impacto da micobacteriose em procedimentos de cirurgia plástica. Entretanto, saber identificar, diagnosticar e tratar corretamente a micobacteriose é de suma importância para minimizar a morbidade da paciente.

Assessment of vertical scar migration after classical abdominoplasty followed by lower abdominal flap fixation / Avaliação da migração vertical da cicatriz pós-abdominoplastia clássica com fixação do retalho abdominal inferior

BACKGROUND: In plastic surgery, the postoperative scar is a frequent concern. It is very important for the surgeon to understand the natural evolution of the scar. The abdominoplasty scar has a natural tendency to move upwards over time. In this study, the extent of natural vertical scar migration after abdominoplasty was calculated and the effect of fixing the lower abdominal flap to prevent this rise was assessed. METHODS: This prospective and randomized study was conducted at the 38th Nursing service of Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, during 2010, and included 20 female patients with an indication for abdominoplasty. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, A and B. Classical abdominoplasty was performed in group A patients, according to the technique recommended by Prof. Ivo Pitanguy. Patients in group B also underwent lower abdominal flap fixation by suturing of Scarpa's fascia and the rectus abdominis muscle aponeurosis. At both two weeks and six months after surgery, the distance of vertical scar movement was measured in 16 patients after application of exclusion criteria. The average vertical migration and the mean difference between the groups were calculated. RESULTS: The average difference between the groups in vertical migration throughout the scar was 0.4 cm, with a mean overall migration of 1.06 cm and 0.68 cm in groups A (control group) and B (cases with fixation), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The scar formed after abdominoplasty undergoes vertical migration over time; this migration is decreased when the lower abdominal flap is fixed. The surgeon should be aware of scar migration for better planning of the incision location.

INTRODUÇÃO: Na cirurgia plástica, uma constante preocupação é a cicatriz pós-operatória. É muito importante para o cirurgião conhecer a evolução natural da cicatriz. A cicatriz de abdominoplastia tem a tendência natural de subir com o passar do tempo. Neste estudo, calculou-se a migração vertical natural da cicatriz pós-abdominoplastia, avaliando o efeito da fixação do retalho abdominal inferior na prevenção dessa ascensão. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo e randomizado, realizado na 38ª Enfermaria da Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro durante o ano de 2010, incluindo 20 pacientes do sexo feminino com indicação de abdominoplastia, divididas em dois grupos, A e B, aleatoriamente. Nas pacientes do grupo A, foi realizada abdominoplastia clássica, segundo técnica preconizada pelo Prof. Ivo Pitanguy, e no grupo B foi incluída a fixação do retalho abdominal inferior por meio de sutura interessando a fáscia de Scarpa e a aponeurose do músculo reto abdominal. Duas semanas e seis meses após a cirurgia, foi medida a distância vertical em 16 pacientes, após aplicação dos critérios de exclusão, calculando-se a média de migração vertical e a diferença média entre os dois grupos. RESULTADOS: A diferença média de migração vertical ao longo de toda a cicatriz foi de 0,4 cm, sendo a média geral de migração nos grupo A (controle) e B (casos com fixação) de 1,06 cm e 0,68 cm, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: A cicatriz pós-abdominoplastia sofre migração vertical ao longo do tempo, sendo menor quando o retalho inferior é fixado. O cirurgião deve estar ciente da migração sofrida pela cicatriz para melhor planejamento da posição de sua incisão.

Fluid resuscitation in liposuction: a prospective analysis of infiltrate-to-total aspirate ratios lower than used for the superwet technique.

BACKGROUND: Fluid management during liposuction appears to as much an art as it is a science. Because of different infiltration practices such as wet, superwet, and tumescent techniques, different fluid management guidelines are required. This has assumed greater significance as surgeons have undertaken aspirations with larger volumes (>/=4 l) and the potential complications of hypovolemia and fluid overload have materialized. METHODS: In this prospective study, 580 consecutive patients underwent liposuction using an average infiltrate-to-total aspirate ratio of 0.38. For all the patients, noninvasive hemodynamic parameters were assessed to evaluate a clinically based guideline for fluid management in liposuction. RESULTS: The average infiltrate-to-total aspirate ratio was 0.38 +/- 0.18 (range, 0.24-0.8). Total urine output was 1.63 ml/kg per hour (range, 1.06-3.4 ml/kg/h). The average postoperative heart rate was 92.16 beats/min, and the average postoperative mean blood pressure readings were 70.41 mmHg. The intraoperative fluid ratio, defined as the ratio of intraoperative intravenous fluid plus subcutaneous infiltrate to total aspirate, ranged from 0.98 to 2.1 (average, 1.25). The average percentage of body weight aspirated was 5.2% (range, 1.76-7.02%) CONCLUSION: This article presents a safe fluid management guideline based on experimental data from 580 patients who underwent liposuction using average infiltration-to-aspirate rates of 0.38. However, the calculated volumes from all the formulas should be viewed as educated guesses of the appropriate fluid load, and clinical judgment is essential.