Comparison of disaster information from various media in strengthening ecological communication during & after natural disasters.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of panic and the various media disaster information modalities available during and after a natural disaster event. The method used was a Mix Methods Research Approach, which is a combination of qualitative descriptive and quantitative exploratory approaches. There were 150 respondents for the three research locations at Palu City, Sigi Regency and Donggala Regency. Respondents were selected by considering the event conditions experienced, physical damage to their house and their educational background. Media sources of disaster information analyzed were TV, internet, mobile phone (WA/SMS), radio, mosque/church, surau, community leaders and word of mouth. The data used was Likert scale analyses for perception tested with Rank Spearman Correlation. The results showed that the most significant panic level (α<0.01) was when the internet was not working, cellphones could not be used, and radio broadcasts could not be received. The most effective sources of disaster information in promoting a resilience attitude were guidance and advice from community leaders and ecological communication that was built from word of mouth. The exposure to natural disasters was shown to unite peoples' hearts in friendship. despite some did not communicate with each other before the disaster, some were even hostile. As many as 78.6% of respondents admitted that the affection between them as victims actually appeared when natural disasters destroyed the joints of their lives, even amongst those who did not communicate with each other, or were even hostile, before the disaster. Out of ecological communication, a "strong hug due to natural disasters" was born.

The influence of fluoride in drinking water on the incidence of fluorosis and intelligence of elementary school students in Palu City.

OBJECTIVE: This research aims to know the influence of fluoride in drinking water towards Fluorosis and the Intelligence Level of Elementary School Students in Palu City. METHOD: This cross-sectional study was performed through descriptive analysis on 100 students aged 6-12 years old selected by stratified random sampling from two different areas with different levels of fluoride in drinking water in Palu City. The samples were collected from two different elementary schools which were SDN 2 Talise and SDN Inpres 1 Birobuli. The examination was performed by a dentist using Dean's Fluorosis Index and philology, who measured students' IQ using Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices. RESULTS: High level of F in drinking water affects the fluorosis status of students (p=0.001), in which among 40 students (40%) who experienced fluorosis, 38 (38%) of them are from the area whose F level is high. The high level of F also affected the children's IQ, obtaining a p-value of 0.001, showing that there were no students with low IQ found in the area with low F level. For the status of Fluorosis and IQ, p=0.001 was obtained. Among the 60 students who did not experience fluorosis, 96.6% of them had a high IQ level. CONCLUSION: The recent research found that fluorosis was found more often in the area of which F level was high, where the IQ level of the students was found to be lower compared to the students who loved in the area with low F level.

The effect of oxytocin massage and breast care on the increased production of breast milk of breastfeeding mothers in the working area of the public health center of Lawanga of Poso District.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to know the effect of oxytocin massage and breast care on the increase of breast milk production. METHOD: This pre-experimental research was performed through the One Group Pretest-Posttest design. The sampling was done through non-probability sampling and purposive sampling, obtaining 30 samples. The data were collected in the form of a questionnaire, which was then analyzed using the Mc Nemar test. RESULT: It was known that the production of breast milk during pre-intervention was poor on 18 respondents and adequately a lot on the other 12 respondents. Meanwhile, during the post-intervention, the production of breast milk on the 18 respondents whose previously breast milk production was poor then become adequate on the seven respondents, while the remaining 11 respondents still produced less breast milk. The statistical test result showed a P value of 0.016, which means that the P is less than 0.05. CONCLUSION: Oxytocin massage and breast care affected the increase of breast milk production considered based on the frequency and duration of breastfeeding as well as the infants' weight in Lawanga Public Health Center, Poso District.

The impact of liquefaction disaster on farming systems at agriculture land based on technical and psychosocial perspectives.

This research aims to determine the attitudes of the farmers whose lands are affected by liquefaction in Jono Oge, Central Sulawesi Province, The Republic of Indonesia. The methods used here were integrated survey and experimental design. The survey approach was intended to figure out the attitudes of the farmers viewpoints: (1) to return to their activities on the agricultural lands affected by liquefaction; (2) to consume their own agricultural products; and (3) of their willingness to be relocated. The experimental design approach was used to figure out the effectiveness of organic material input combined with the SP-36 fertilizer. The obtained results were analyzed using the Likert Scale, diversity test, correlational test, and regression test. The results showed that the farmers persevered farming on the lands affected by liquefaction (Index = 88.82%) yet refused to consume their own agricultural products with the reason that corpses remained buried beneath their lands (Index = 27.82%); and they also refused to be relocated (Index = 28.80%). The continued production suitability of the affected land was also investigated. Terrain profile identification results in Jono Oge showed the disaster impact was dominantly landslide as it still showed a clear characteristic horizon between the topsoil and the sub soil. This contrasts to terrain at Petobo, Central Sulawesi Province, where the high mix of the topsoil with the sub soil of agricultural land affected by liquefaction, prevented demarcation of the horizon. The land treatment of organic material and SP-36 fertilizer showed that the combined dose (M) of 40-kg ha-1 with P 300-kg ha-1 had the highest effect by changing the field pH from 5.7 to 6.41, increased the availability of P and increased the corncob indicator plant weight. Based on these indications, the lands affected by the liquefaction in Jono Oge can still be used as agricultural lands through restoration, from both social and technical aspects.

The influence of fluoride in drinking water on the incidence of fluorosis and intelligence of elementary school students in Palu City

Objective: This research aims to know the influence of fluoride in drinking water towards Fluorosis and the Intelligence Level of Elementary School Students in Palu City. Method: This cross-sectional study was performed through descriptive analysis on 100 students aged 6–12 years old selected by stratified random sampling from two different areas with different levels of fluoride in drinking water in Palu City. The samples were collected from two different elementary schools which were SDN 2 Talise and SDN Inpres 1 Birobuli. The examination was performed by a dentist using Dean's Fluorosis Index and philology, who measured students’ IQ using Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices. Results: High level of F in drinking water affects the fluorosis status of students (p = 0.001), in which among 40 students (40%) who experienced fluorosis, 38 (38%) of them are from the area whose F level is high. The high level of F also affected the children's IQ, obtaining a p-value of 0.001, showing that there were no students with low IQ found in the area with low F level. For the status of Fluorosis and IQ, p = 0.001 was obtained. Among the 60 students who did not experience fluorosis, 96.6% of them had a high IQ level. Conclusion: The recent research found that fluorosis was found more often in the area of which F level was high, where the IQ level of the students was found to be lower compared to the students who loved in the area with low F level. (AU)

The effect of oxytocin massage and breast care on the increased production of breast milk of breastfeeding mothers in the working area of the public health center of Lawanga of Poso District

Objective: The objective of this research is to know the effect of oxytocin massage and breast care on the increase of breast milk production. Method: This pre-experimental research was performed through the One Group Pretest–Posttest design. The sampling was done through non-probability sampling and purposive sampling, obtaining 30 samples. The data were collected in the form of a questionnaire, which was then analyzed using the Mc Nemar test. Result: It was known that the production of breast milk during pre-intervention was poor on 18 respondents and adequately a lot on the other 12 respondents. Meanwhile, during the post-intervention, the production of breast milk on the 18 respondents whose previously breast milk production was poor then become adequate on the seven respondents, while the remaining 11 respondents still produced less breast milk. The statistical test result showed a P value of 0.016, which means that the P is less than 0.05. Conclusion: Oxytocin massage and breast care affected the increase of breast milk production considered based on the frequency and duration of breastfeeding as well as the infants’ weight in Lawanga Public Health Center, Poso District. (AU)

Factors influencing the efficiency of cocoa farms: A study to increase income in rural Indonesia.

Indonesia is the fifth largest cocoa-producing country in the world, and an increase in cocoa farming efficiency can help farmers to increase their per capita income and reduce poverty in rural areas of this country. This research evaluated the efficiency of Indonesian cocoa farms using a non-parametric approach. The results revealed that the majority of cocoa farms are operated relatively inefficiently. The average technical and allocative efficiencies (0.82 and 0.46, respectively) of these cocoa farms demonstrated that there is potential for improvement. The potential cost reductions range from 36 to 76%, with an average of 60%, if farmers practice efficiently. The technical and allocative efficiencies and cocoa farm economies are affected by the use of quality seeds, organic fertilizers, frequency of extension and training of farm managers, access to bank credit and the market, the participation of women, and the farm manager's gender. An increase in the output would increase farmers' income and reduce poverty in rural areas. This research suggests that the availability of extension and training provided to farmers as well as support for women farmer groups should be increased. Credit programs are also important for cocoa farmers, so policymakers should develop programs that make production credit more accessible for farmers, especially through cooperatives and banks.