A review on biological biohydrogen production: Outlook on genetic strain enhancements, reactor model and techno-economics analysis.

Modernisation of industrial and transportation sector would have not imaginable without the help of fossil fuels, but constant usage has led to many environmental concerns. As a step forward, for safer next generation living we are forced to look into green fuels like bio­hydrogen and higher alcohols. This review mainly focuses on bio­hydrogen production via biological pathways, genetic improvements, knowledge gap, economics, and future directions. Dark and photo fermentation process with the factor influence the process (pH regulation, temperature, hydraulic retention time, organic loading rate, Maintenance, Nutrient) is studied. Integration of dark fermentation and microbial electrolysis cell is the most trending progression for sustainable bio­hydrogen production. Genetic improvement of microbe for biohydrogen production via inactivation of hydrogenase (H2ase) and improve oxygen tolerant H2ase. In future, bioaugmentation, multidisciplinary integrated process and microbial electrolysis needs to be experimented in industrial level scale for successful commercialization. About 41.47 mmol H2/g DCW h at 40 g/L of optimum biohydrogen production was obtained through glycerol fermentation. From the studies, the cost of biohydrogen production was found to high with respect to the direct bio photolysis it cost around $7.24 kg-1; for indirect bio photolysis it cost around $7.54 kg-1 and for fermentation it cost around $7.61 kg-1.

Inhibition of pathogenic bacterial growth on excision wound by green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles leads to accelerated wound healing activity in Wistar Albino rats.

An impaired wound healing is one of the major health related problem in diabetic and non-diabetic patients around the globe. The pathogenic bacteria play a predominant role in delayed wound healing, owing to interaction in the wound area. In our previous work we developed green chemistry mediated copper oxide nanoparticles using Ficus religiosa leaf extract. In the present study we make an attempt to evaluate the anti-bacterial, and wound healing activity of green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles in male Wistar Albino rats. The agar well diffusion assay revealed copper oxide nanoparticles have substantial inhibition activity against human pathogenic strains such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, which were responsible for delayed wound healing process. Furthermore, the analyses results of wound closure, histopathology and protein profiling confirmed that the F. religiosa leaf extract tailored copper oxide nanoparticles have enhanced wound healing activity in Wistar Albino rats.