Changing Their Minds: Enhancing Poststroke Occupational Performance Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation.

Stroke remains a leading cause of disability, with survivors experiencing long-term decrements in independence and quality of life. Occupational therapists (OTs) employ numerous neurorehabilitative treatment approaches to remediate impairments that are impeding performance. OTs also use physical agent modalities to facilitate increased participation and success in therapy. One such modality is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a form a noninvasive brain stimulation that can be overlaid onto task practice and delivers a constant, low intensity current into the brain. tDCS is safe, portable, and efficacious in remediating a variety of deficits, yet is not consistently incorporated into clinical practice. The authors discuss the mechanisms, safety, evidence, and potential applications of tDCS to enhance outcomes for this growing population.

"Reps" Aren't Enough: Augmenting Functional Electrical Stimulation With Behavioral Supports Significantly Reduces Impairment in Moderately Impaired Stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of repetitive task-specific practice (RTP) integrating electrical stimulation and behavioral supports on upper extremity (UE) impairment, gross manual dexterity, and paretic UE amount and quality of use in chronic stroke survivors exhibiting moderate, stable UE deficits. DESIGN: Case series with 3-month follow-up. SETTING: Outpatient rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Persons (N=9) who experienced a stroke >12 months before enrollment and exhibiting chronic, moderate, stable UE impairment. INTERVENTIONS: After administering outcome measures, RTP was administered 3d/wk for 120 minutes with an electrical stimulation neuroprosthesis (60min in a supervised clinical setting; 60min at home) over 8 weeks. Behavioral supports (eg, behavior contract; weekly reviews of UE use) were provided during clinical sessions and integrated into home exercise sessions to increase paretic UE use and maximize carryover to subjects' community environments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The UE section of the Fugl-Meyer Impairment Scale, the Box and Block Test, and the Motor Activity Log. RESULTS: Subjects exhibited statistically significant (P<.01) increases on all measures at both time-point comparisons (ie, preintervention to postintervention; preintervention to 3mo postintervention). Subjects reported a new ability to perform valued activities they had not performed in months. CONCLUSIONS: Addition of behavioral supports to RTP augmented by electrical stimulation significantly increased paretic UE use and function. Significant motor changes were exhibited across ages and etiologies, and no other intervention was administered to this stable population, making it likely that results were not due to chance and suggests a larger trial is justified.