RESUMO
The Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is a basic tool to obtain safe foodstuffs for human consumption. The main goal of this research was to determine the percentage of compliance with GMP in ice cream factories and its correlation with the acceptance of microbiological criteria in samples of ice cream, according to the Sanitary Chilean Food Regulation. Inspectors from the Ministerial Regional Secretariat (SEREMI) of Health Ñuble audited GMP in 40 ice cream factories and 435 microbial analyses from ice cream samples taken between the years 2005 and 2010 were analyzed. Results showed that 55.2% of samples failed in RAM (105 UFC/g) and coliform (102 UFC/g) and 4.6% for Staphylococcus aureus (102 UFC/g) and 100% for Salmonella spp. The biggest RAM was during summer with 60% rejection. Sixty seven% of inspections of GMP reached values above the minimum (70% compliance). Facilities were the best item assessed (88.4%), and training was the worst (20.3%). The correlation between the results of audits of GMP and microbiological criteria allowed proving that with a percentage equal to or greater than 80% compliance with GMP would ensure the microbiological quality of ice cream, thereby decreasing the risk for consumer health.
Las Buenas Prácticas de Manufacturas (BPM) son una herramienta básica para obtener un producto alimenticio seguro para consumo humano. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el porcentaje de cumplimiento de BPM y su correlación con la aceptación de criterios microbiológicos en fábricas y muestras de helados de Ñuble, Chile, de acuerdo al Reglamento Sanitario de Alimentos chilenos. Se analizaron auditorías de BPM aplicadas por fiscalizadores de Secretaría Regional Ministerial (SEREMI) de Salud Ñuble, a 40 fábricas de helados y los resultados microbiológicos de 435 muestras de helados entre los años 2005 y 2010. Se determinó que el 55,2% de las muestras no cumplieron para RAM (105 UFC/g) y coliformes (102 UFC/g) y 4,6% para Staphylococcus aureus (102 UFC/g), en cambio el 100% cumplieron para Salmonella spp. Los mayores RAM fueron en verano con 60% de rechazo. El 67% de auditorías de BPM alcanzaron valores superiores al mínimo (70% de cumplimiento), las instalaciones fue el ítem mejor evaluado (88,4%), y capacitación del personal el peor (20,3 %). La correlación entre los resultados de auditorías de BPM y criterios microbiológicos permitió comprobar que con un porcentaje igual o superior al 80% de cumplimiento de BPM se aseguraría la calidad microbiológica de helados, disminuyendo con ello el riesgo en la salud del consumidor.
Assuntos
Humanos , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Indústria Alimentícia , Impactos da Poluição na Saúde/prevenção & controle , Boas Práticas de Fabricação , Sorvetes , Microbiologia , ChileRESUMO
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects 0.8% of the world population, it affects the synovial membrane of joints and the clinical presentation encompasses a wide spectrum, ranging from a mild to a severe and erosive disease that causes joint and cartilage destruction which finally provokes irreversible structural damage and patient disability. In the last years, there have been important advances in the pathogenesis of this disease, the efforts have been concentrated on pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). This protein guides numerous events in the synovial and systemic inflammatory process and is encoded in the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), one of the most polymorphic of the genome. Polymorphisms affecting the TNFalpha gene and its regulatory regions are associated with RA prevalence and course. There is a possible association between these polymorphisms and the clinical response to the use of monoclonal antibodies anti-TNFalpha. The possibility that the determination of genotypes -238 and -308 may have prognostic and therapeutic consequences is debated nowadays.
