RESUMO
Faecal samples from 163 captive and semi-captive individuals, 61 samples from wild individuals and 38 samples from captive groups of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Kalimantan, Indonesia, were collected during one rainy season (November 2005-May 2006) and screened for intestinal parasites using sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin-concentration (SAFC), sedimentation, flotation, McMaster- and Baermann techniques. We aimed to identify factors influencing infection risk for specific intestinal parasites in wild orangutans and individuals living in captivity. Various genera of Protozoa (including Entamoeba, Endolimax, Iodamoeba, Balantidium, Giardia and Blastocystis), nematodes (such as Strongyloides, Trichuris, Ascaris, Enterobius, Trichostrongylus and hookworms) and one trematode (a dicrocoeliid) were identified. For the first time, the cestode Hymenolepis was detected in orangutans. Highest prevalences were found for Strongyloides (individuals 37%; groups 58%), hookworms (41%; 58%), Balantidium (40%; 61%), Entamoeba coli (29%; 53%) and a trichostrongylid (13%; 32%). In re-introduction centres, infants were at higher risk of infection with Strongyloides than adults. Infection risk for hookworms was significantly higher in wild males compared with females. In groups, the centres themselves had a significant influence on the infection risk for Balantidium. Ranging patterns of wild orangutans, overcrowding in captivity and a shift of age composition in favour of immatures seemed to be the most likely factors leading to these results.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Símios Antropoides , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Helmintíase Animal , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Pongo pygmaeus/parasitologia , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais , Animais , Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Animais de Zoológico , Doenças dos Símios Antropoides/embriologia , Doenças dos Símios Antropoides/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Símios Antropoides/parasitologia , Bornéu/epidemiologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Helmintíase Animal/epidemiologia , Helmintíase Animal/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/parasitologiaAssuntos
Prole de Múltiplos Nascimentos , Missões Religiosas , Condições Sociais , Antropologia Cultural/história , Diversidade Cultural , Cultura , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Prole de Múltiplos Nascimentos/história , Nigéria/etnologia , Missões Religiosas/história , População Rural/história , Mudança Social/história , Condições Sociais/história , Superstições/história , GêmeosRESUMO
One hundred and eighty-two patients undergoing tubal ligation, hernia repair, or meniscectomy were randomly assigned to either one-day or inpatient surgery. The study's objective is to compare these two modes of care with regard to patient satisfaction, clinical outcomes, and costs of the episode of care. A significantly higher proportion of one-day patients than their hospitalized counterparts found their stay to be too short and would prefer hospitalization as an alternative. Clinical outcomes were comparable in both groups. One-day tubal ligation and hernia repair were found to be cost-efficient and averaged hospital savings of $86.00 and $115.00 more than inpatient care. Meniscectomy deviated from this trend in that treatment costs were significantly higher for one-day surgery patients. Analysis of personal and physician costs did not show any significant difference between the two modes of care.
