Training and evaluation of professors of dentistry in postgraduate programmes in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, the undergraduate dental education still remains fragmented and dissociated from its social context, with emphasis on the individualistic and private aspects of dental health. This study aimed to analyze the training and development of university professors of dentistry in stricto sensu postgraduate programs in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Delphi electronic methodology was used within a qualitative-quantitative design to gather data from a panel of 58 experts. Discussions representing the analytic axis focused on: (i) the evaluative processes of higher education, in particular stricto sensu postgraduate programs, and their influence on academic activities in undergraduate dentistry courses and (ii) policies for training and developing university professors. RESULTS: Of the experts, 30 participated in the first round, 24 in the second, and 19 in the third. They considered the training of university professors in dentistry to be highly specialized and technologically focused and indicated the review of political-pedagogic aspects of the educational sphere, as well as the social, economic, cultural, epidemiologic, and professional aspects of training and preparation prescribed by the National Curricular Guides for graduate courses in dentistry. An adequate process of evaluating the official organs and regulators of postgraduate stricto sensu programs, as well the programs themselves, should be implemented. CONCLUSION: The experts stated that changes to the university teaching system are necessary, even in the field of dentistry. Mechanisms for evaluating areas and professors were inadequate, and the training was overly specialized and not consistent with the social reality of the country.

Tensions and transformations in developing the university professor in Dentistry: a cross-sectional study / Tensões e transformações no desenvolvimento do professor universitário em Odontologia: um estudo transversal

This study aimed to evaluate the preparation of professors through university postgraduation programs, and try to learn the contradictions and possibilities of overcoming the problems that surround this formation. Also, to understand the dynamic process that encircles this activity, as well as the historical and current conjunctures of the university institution, for then discuss the profession in the ambit of Dentistry. Fifty-eight experts were invited to compose a specialists' panel. The Delphi Method was used, and the axes explored were: a) university and higher education models in Brazil; and b) formation and professional development of the university professor: teaching at higher education ­ formation of formers. Many inadequacies in the postgraduate formation were observed, with predomination of an instrumental preparation, with a low level of themes related to didacticpedagogical, political, and social aspects. Changes are necessary in the way of allowing advances in this practice which is essentially linked to the civilizing progress of societies (AU).

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a formação de professores por meio de programas de pós-graduação universitária e tentar conhecer as contradições e possibilidades de superação dos problemas que envolvem esta formação. Além disso, compreender o processo dinâmico que circunda esta atividade, bem como as conjunturas históricas e atuais da instituição universitária, para então discutir a profissão no âmbito da Odontologia. Cinquenta e oito especialistas foram convidados a compor um painel. O Método Delphi foi utilizado e os eixos explorados foram: a) modelos universitários e de ensino superior no Brasil; e b) formação e desenvolvimento profissional do professor universitário: ensino em nível superior - formação de formadores. Foram observadas muitas inadequações na formação de pósgraduação, com predomínio de uma preparação instrumental, com um baixo nível de temas relacionados aos aspectos didático-pedagógico, político e social. São necessárias mudanças no sentido de permitir avanços nesta prática que está essencialmente ligada ao progresso civilizador das sociedades (AU).

The significance of having family members assisted in a CAPSi: a phenomenological study

This study aims to understand the meaning that family members attribute to the fact of having a relative being treated in a Child Psychosocial Care Center. This is a qualitative piece of research utilizing the theoretical and methodological framework of the phenomenological sociology of Alfred Schutz. The of study was a Child Psychosocial Care Center in Cascavel, state of Paraná. Data collection took place between October and November 2010, through phenomenological interviews with 11 relatives of users of that service. In a comprehensive analysis of the testimonies, aspects have emerged about the difficulty of dealing with the disease, the prejudice and lack of knowledge with regard to the symptoms of mental illness. This study allows us to understand the meaning given by relatives to the fact of having a family member assisted in a substitutive service in mental health and even further, we point to the need for support on the part of the family with regard to the work of the multidisciplinary team.

Cuidar de um familiar idoso dependente no domicílio: reflexões para os profissionais da saúde / Providing care for a dependent elderly relative at home: reflections for health professionals

Ao conduzir um estudo qualitativo de caráter fenomenológico, para compreender o que é cuidar de um idoso dependente por meio do olhar de seus familiares, foi possível observar vários aspectos dessa vivência. Dentre eles, chamou a atenção o fato de que esses cuidadores enfrentam sobrecarga física e mental. OBJETIVO: apresentar os resultados relacionados à sobrecarga física e mental relatadas pelos cuidadores familiares de idosos dependentes, com o intuito de fornecer informações que possam contribuir de forma positiva para a complementação do trabalho das equipes de saúde voltado para os idosos dependentes, levando em consideração que ele também deve ser voltado para a assistência dos cuidadores familiares. MÉTODO: estudo descritivo-exploratório, qualitativo, de caráter fenomenológico. Foram realizadas entrevistas com cuidadores familiares de idosos dependentes. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada, baseada em uma pergunta orientadora. As entrevistas foram gravadas e transcritas para serem analisadas. RESULTADOS: o cuidador familiar de idosos dependentes é uma pessoa sobrecarregada do ponto de vista físico e mental, pelo acúmulo de funções e tipos de tarefas que assume. O estresse crônico relacionado a essa experiência pode alterar sua saúde. Conclusão: o fato de o cuidador familiar pertencer ao gênero feminino, possuir idade avançada e se responsabilizar sozinho por todos os cuidados e também o nível de capacidade funcional do idoso, são fatores que influenciam essa sobrecarga.

By conducting a qualitative study of phenomenological approach, in order to understand what is caring for the dependent elderly in their relatives' viewpoint, it was possible to observe several aspects of this experience. Among them, we highlight that these caregivers are subjected to physical and mental overload. Objective: to present the results related to this overload, in order to provide information that contributes positively to complement the work of health staff towards dependent elderly people, considering that it must care for the family caregivers. METHOD: this is a descriptive, exploratory, qualitative study of phenomenological approach. Interviews were conducted with family caregivers of dependent elderly people. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews based on a guiding question. The interviews were taped and transcribed to further analysis. RESULTS: the family caregiver of dependent elderly people is an overloaded person, both physically and mentally, due to the accumulation of functions and tasks that takes. The chronic stress related to this experience can change their health. CONCLUSION: the fact that the family caregivers are women, with advanced age, and have to be responsible alone for all the cares, and also the level of functional capacity of the elderly, are factors that influence this overload.

Profissão, docente de odontologia: o desafio da pós-graduação na formação de professores / Teaching of dentistry: the post-graduate challenge in educator training

O presente artigo é resultante de intensa busca nos referenciais teóricos sobre a temática universidade e formação docente e se propõe a analisar a formação do docente de odontologia, à luz dos antecedentes históricos da instituição universidade no mundo e no Brasil. Faz a identificação dos conflitos que colocam a universidade contemporânea em crise, identifica o início da atividade docente na história da humanidade e sua trajetória até os dias atuais, bem como as condições de profissionalização do docente do ensino superior, apontando para o modo como se deu a formação e a atividade dos primeiros docentes de odontologia no Brasil e as possíveis implicações para os dias atuais. A partir destes relatos e por meio de busca nos cadernos de indicadores da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) do triênio 2004-2007 e de referenciais teóricos recentes sobre o tema da formação do docente de odontologia, em particular, buscou-se analisar as pós-graduações stricto sensu em Odontologia no Brasil e, assim, contribuir para o debate acerca dos problemas na formação dos profissionais da saúde, especificamente nessa área. O estudo não teve por objeto de análise o Pró-Saúde, podendo, este aspecto, ser uma limitação.

This article is the outcome of an intense search in theoretical references on the university and professor training subject and aims to analyze the training given to dentistry professors in the light of the historical background of the university institution in the world and in Brazil. It identifies the conflicts that put the contemporary university in crisis, identifies the start of the teaching activity in the history of mankind and its history to the present day, and the conditions under which university professors are trained, pointing to how the first dentistry faculty were trained in Brazil and to their activities and the possible implications of this for the present day. Based on these reports, and by surveying the indicator books of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (Capes) from 2004 to 2007 and recent theoretical references on the professor of dentistry training issue, in particular, we sought to examine the stricto sensu post-graduate work in dentistry in Brazil and, thus, contribute to the debate about the problems in the training of health professionals, specifically in this area. The study was not aimed to analyze the "Pró-Saúde" (Pro-Health), and this aspect may be a limitation.

[Women's body language during the post-partum period: language understanding based on the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty]. / Corporeidade da mulher no pós-parto: uma compreensão da linguagem em Maurice Merleau-Ponty.

This study aimed understanding the woman's language during the post-partum period as to her perceptions of her body language. This study was based in the work of Maurice Merleau-Pont. Ten women living in Cascavel, State of Parand, Brazil, were interviewed from February to May 2005. This study allowed the understanding of the meaning that the woman gives to her existence in the post childbirth period. This study may support training of health professionals in terms of understanding how women experience the post-partum period, thereby allowing better care of these patients.

Corporeidade da mulher no pós-parto: uma compreensão da linguagem em Maurice Merleau-Ponty / Women’s body language during the post-partum period: language understanding based on the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Essa pesquisa teve por objetivo compreender a linguagem da mulher no pós-parto sobre suas percepções com relação à corporeidade. Trata-se de um estudo fenomenológico em Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Realizaram-se entrevistas com dez puérperas, residentes na cidade de Cascavel, Estado do Paraná, Brasil, nos meses de fevereiro a maio de 2005. Com essa pesquisa foi possível compreender o significado que a mulher dá à sua existência no período pós-parto. Esse estudo poderá fornecer suporte para a formação de profissionais da saúde para um entendimento a respeito das vivências da mulher no pós-parto, podendo subsidiar a assistência à saúde dessa clientela.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo entender el lenguaje de la mujer en el posparto en lo tocante a sus percepciones de la corporeidad. Se trata de un estudio fenomenológico basado en la obra de Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Se hizo una serie de entrevistas con diez puérperas, residentes en la ciudad de Cascavel, Estado de Paraná, Brasil, en los meses de febrero a mayo de 2005. Con esta investigación fue posible entender el significado que la mujer le da a su experiencia en el período posparto. Este estudio podrá respaldar la formación de los profesionales de la salud para estos amplíen su entendimiento con respecto a las vivencias de la mujer durante el posparto, y de ese modo mejorar la atención a la salud de dichas pacientes.

This study aimed understanding the woman’s language during the post-partum period as to her perceptions of her body language. This study was based in the work of Maurice Merleau-Pont. Ten women living in Cascavel, State of Paraná, Brazil, were interviewed from February to May 2005. This study allowed the understanding of the meaning that the woman gives to her existence in the post childbirth period. This study may support training of health professionals in terms of understanding how women experience the post-partum period, thereby allowing better care of these patients.