Host-microbiome interactions regarding peri-implantitis and dental implant loss.

In the last decades, the ortho-aesthetic-functional rehabilitation had significant advances with the advent of implantology. Despite the success in implantology surgeries, there is a percentage of failures mainly due to in loco infections, through bacterial proliferation, presence of fungi and biofilm formation, originating peri-implantitis. In this sense, several studies have been conducted since then, seeking answers to numerous questions that remain unknown. Thus, the present work aims to discuss the interaction between host-oral microbiome and the development of peri-implantitis. Peri-implantitis was associated with a diversity of bacterial species, being Porphiromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia described in higher proportion of peri-implantitis samples. In a parallel role, the injury of peri-implant tissue causes an inflammatory response mediated by activation of innate immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and neutrophils. In summary, the host immune system activation may lead to imbalance of oral microbiota, and, in turn, the oral microbiota dysbiosis is reported leading to cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, and proteolytic enzymes production. These biological processes may be responsible for implant loss.

Formação continuada colaborativa de professores de educação física / Continuing collaborative training of physical education teachers / Formación continuada colaborativa de profesores de educación física

O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar o desenvolvimento de um projeto de formação continuada colaborativa considerando a natureza das interações interpessoais e sua repercussão em ações pedagógicas inovadoras desenvolvidas por professores de Educação Física. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter descritivo. A amostra foi composta por 13 professores de Edu-cação Física da SME-RJ. O modelo de formação foi desenvolvido mediante a pesquisa-ação. Foram realizados oito seminários, sendo o último destinado à apresentação de projetos de intervenção pedagógica tematizados no uso de Tecnologias nas aulas de Educação Física. A análise evidenciou o valor da formação colaborativa, sendo observados processos de inova-ções e mudanças na prática pedagógica.

The objective of the research was to analyze the development of a collaborative continuing education project considering the nature of interpersonal interactions and its repercussion on innovative pedagogical actions developed by Physical Education teachers. This is a descrip-tive qualitative research. The sample consisted of 13 Physical Education teachers from SME-RJ. The training model was developed through action research. Eight seminars were held, the last one being aimed at the presentation of pedagogical intervention projects, thematized in the use of Technologies in Physical Education classes. The analysis evidenced the value of collaborative training, observing processes in the innovations and changes in pedagogical practice.

El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar el desarrollo de un proyecto de formación conti-nuada colaborativa considerando la naturaleza de las interacciones interpersonales y su reper-cusión en acciones pedagógicas innovadoras desarrolladas por profesores de Educación Físi-ca. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa de carácter descriptivo. La muestra fue compuesta por 13 profesores de Educación Física de la SME-RJ. El modelo de formación fue desarrolla-do mediante la investigación-acción. Se realizaron ocho seminarios, siendo el último destina-do a la presentación de proyectos de intervención pedagógica tematizados en el uso de Tecno-logías en las clases de Educación Física. El análisis evidenció el valor de la formación colabo-rativa, siendo observados procesos de innovaciones y cambios en la práctica pedagógica.

Utilização de enxerto cutâneo no tratamento de ferida traumática grave associada à luxação metatarsofalangeana aberta: relato de caso / Use of cutaneous graft in the treatment of severe traumatic cutaneous wound associated with open metatarsal and falloid dislocation: case report in dogs

Na pele, quando a cicatrização por primeira intenção não é possível devido ao excesso de tensão tecidual, a melhor opção se torna a utilização de técnicas cirúrgicas reconstrutivas como retalhos e enxertos. A utilização de enxertos ou retalhos, reduz consideravelmente o tempo de cicatrização das lesões, além de minimizar os riscos de possíveis infecções. Ademais, pela grande frequência de lesões traumáticas múltiplas, cutâneas e ósseas que ocorrem nos pequenos animais após atropelamentos e suas inúmeras opções de tratamento, o que torna por vezes difícil a escolha da melhor conduta a estes pacientes, objetivou-se descrever o tratamento de uma ferida traumática, utilizando, açúcar, tala de Robert Jones modificada, seguido de enxerto cutâneo em malha de espessura total, em um cão que apresentava extensa ferida cutânea infectada e luxação aberta metatarsofalangeana, dando ênfase ao retorno funcional do membro. O paciente canino, foi submetido ao tratamento por segunda intenção da ferida, até a mesma estar apta a receber a enxertia cutânea. Os resultados foram satisfatórios, ocorrendo cicatrização completa da ferida e reestabilização funcional do membro com 120 dias de tratamento. Conclui-se que a combinação de tratamentos, conservativo e cirúrgico, pode ser uma alternativa eficiente a amputação do membro no tratamento de ferida lacerada infectada associada a luxação articular completa, gerando resultados funcionais e estéticos satisfatórios.

In the skin, when healing by first intention is not possible due to excess tissue tension, the best option becomes the use of reconstructive surgical techniques such as flaps and grafts. The use of grafts or flaps, greatly reduces the healing time of the lesions, in addition to minimizing the risks of possible infections. In addition, due to the great frequency of multiple traumatic, cutaneous and bone injuries that occur in small animals after running over and their innumerable treatment options, which makes it sometimes difficult to choose the best behavior for these patients, the objective was to describe the treatment of a traumatic wound, using modified Robert Jones' sugar, followed by total thickness mesh cutaneous graft, in a dog that had an extensive infected cutaneous wound and open metatarsophalangeal luxation, emphasizing the functional return of the limb. The canine patient, was submitted to the second intention treatment of the wound until it was able to receive cutaneous grafting. The results were satisfactory, with complete wound healing and functional limb reestablishment with 120 days of treatment. It is concluded that the combination of conservative and surgical treatments can be an efficient alternative to limb amputation in the treatment of infected lacerated wound associated with complete joint dislocation, generating satisfactory functional and aesthetic results.

Temporal sequence of recovery-related events following maximal exercise assessed by heart rate variability and blood lactate concentration.

PURPOSE: To analyse the temporal sequence of recovery events related to autonomic nervous system and metabolic processes following maximal exercise, applying linear and nonlinear indices of heart rate variability (HRV) and blood lactate concentration. METHODS: On the following day of the maximum oxygen consumption test, 20 participants firstly lay down for 20 min for resting data collection and then underwent the constant velocity exhaustive test, which consisted in running at 100% of maximal velocity reached on the previous day until exhaustion. Immediately after the end of exercise, the participants kept a supine position for 120 min recovering passively. Prior to exercise and at every 10 min during the recovery time, blood samples were collected to determine lactate concentration, and heart rate variability analysis (time and frequency domain indices and recurrence plot variables) was performed. Friedman's test, complemented with Dunn's multiple comparison test, was used to compare recovery moments and baseline values. RESULTS: From 70 min, no significant differences were detected between lactate concentration and baseline. HRV indices were considered recovered at different timings: at 60 min for SD2; at 70 min for SDNN and LF; at 80 min for RMSSD, HF and SD1 and at 90 min for recurrence plot variables. CONCLUSIONS: During passive recovery after maximal exercise, restoration processes seem to comply an order, considering analysed HRV indices and lactate removal: at first, lactate concentration reaches normal values, allowing sympathovagal reorganization, and then, parasympathetic function is able to complete its reestablishment followed by system complexity recovering.

Analysis of recall bias of information on soccer injuries in adolescents

Abstract Aims: to analyze the recall bias of injury characteristics, anthropometric variables, and training variables in a morbidity survey in adolescent soccer players for a period of four months. Method: cohort study with 198 adolescent male soccer players, divided into two parts: a prospective study over four months, followed by a retrospective study. A morbidity survey containing personal and training data, in addition to information on injuries and their characteristics (anatomical site, mechanism, nature, moment, severity, return to activities and recurrence) was administered weekly for four months, after which the questionnaire was applied again questioning the same information retrospectively for the four-month prospective study period. The data were collected through interviews addressing the occurrence of injuries and respective characteristics. Results: there were weak correlations and concordances for the recall of the occurrence of injury and all related variables. However, regarding the information relating to personal and training data, moderate correlations were observed for the variables height, time of training, weekly hours, absences, and position, as well as excellent correlations for body mass. Conclusions: we observed recall bias in all information about the characteristics of the injuries reported by adolescent soccer players.

Characteristics and associated factors with sports injuries among children and adolescents

BACKGROUND: The participation of children and adolescents in sports is becoming increasingly common, and this increased involvement raises concerns about the occurrence of sports injuries. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the sports injuries and verify the associated factors with injuries in children and adolescents. METHOD: Retrospective, epidemiological study. One thousand three hundred and eleven children and adolescents up to 18 years of age enrolled in a sports initiation school in the city of Presidente Prudente, State of São Paulo, Brazil. A reported condition inquiry in interview form was used to obtain personal data and information on training and sports injuries in the last 12 months. Injury was considered any physical complaint resulting from training and/or competition that limited the participation of the individual for at least one day, regardless of the need for medical care. RESULTS: The injury rate per 1000 hours of exposure was 1.20 among the children and 1.30 among the adolescents. Age, anthropometric data, and training characteristics only differed with regard to the presence or absence of injuries among the adolescents. The most commonly reported characteristics involving injuries in both the children and adolescents were the lower limbs, training, non-contact mechanism, mild injury, asymptomatic return to activities, and absence of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The injury rate per 1000 hours of exposure was similar among children and adolescents. Nevertheless, some peculiarities among adolescents were observed with greater values for weight, height, duration of training, and weekly hours of practice. .

Characteristics and associated factors with sports injuries among children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The participation of children and adolescents in sports is becoming increasingly common, and this increased involvement raises concerns about the occurrence of sports injuries. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the sports injuries and verify the associated factors with injuries in children and adolescents. METHOD: Retrospective, epidemiological study. One thousand three hundred and eleven children and adolescents up to 18 years of age enrolled in a sports initiation school in the city of Presidente Prudente, State of São Paulo, Brazil. A reported condition inquiry in interview form was used to obtain personal data and information on training and sports injuries in the last 12 months. Injury was considered any physical complaint resulting from training and/or competition that limited the participation of the individual for at least one day, regardless of the need for medical care. RESULTS: The injury rate per 1000 hours of exposure was 1.20 among the children and 1.30 among the adolescents. Age, anthropometric data, and training characteristics only differed with regard to the presence or absence of injuries among the adolescents. The most commonly reported characteristics involving injuries in both the children and adolescents were the lower limbs, training, non-contact mechanism, mild injury, asymptomatic return to activities, and absence of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The injury rate per 1000 hours of exposure was similar among children and adolescents. Nevertheless, some peculiarities among adolescents were observed with greater values for weight, height, duration of training, and weekly hours of practice.

Characteristics and contributing factors related to sports injuries in young volleyball players.

BACKGROUND: The participation of young in volleyball is becoming increasingly common, and this increased involvement raises concerns about the risk of installation of sports injuries. Therefore, the objectives the study were identify the characteristics of sports injuries in young volleyball players and associate anthropometric and training variables with contributing factors for injuries. METHODS: A total of 522 volleyball players participating in the High School Olympic Games of the State of São Paulo (Brazil) were interviewed. A reported condition inquiry was used to gather information on injuries, such as anatomic site affected, mechanism and moment of injury, as well as personal and training data. The level of significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: A 19% frequency of injuries was found. Higher age, weight, height, body mass index and training duration values were associated with the occurrence of injuries. The most affected anatomic site was the ankle/foot complex (45 injuries, 36.3%). Direct contact and contactless mechanisms were the main causes of injuries (61 injuries; 49.2% and 48 injuries; 38.7%, respectively). Training was the moment in which most injuries occurred (93 injuries; 75%), independently of personal and training characteristics. CONCLUSION: Injuries affected the ankle/foot complex with a greater frequency. Direct contact and contactless mechanisms were the most frequently reported and injuries occurred mainly during training sessions. Personal and training characteristics were contributing factors for the occurrence of injuries.

Investigation of characteristics and risk factors of sports injuries in young soccer players: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The participation of children and adolescents in sports has become increasingly frequent, including soccer. This growing involvement gives rise to concerns regarding the risk of sports injuries. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to describe the musculoskeletal injuries in young soccer players. METHODS: 301 male soccer players with a mean age 14.67 ± 2.08 years were randomly recruited. The Referred Condition Inquiry was used to collect information on the mechanism of injury and anatomic site affected as well as personal data on the participants. The variables were analyzed based on the degree of association using Goodman's test for contrasts between multinomial populations, with the p < 0.05. RESULTS: Among the 301 athletes, 24.25% reported at least one injury. With regard to height, taller individuals reported more injuries than shorter individuals (62.5% and 37.5%, respectively; p < 0.05). Injuries were more frequent among players with a training duration greater than five years (69.65%) in comparison to those who trained for a shorter duration (30.35%) (p < 0.05). The lower limbs, especially the ankle/foot and knee, were the most affected anatomic sites. Impact was the most common mechanism of injury. CONCLUSION: The young practitioners of soccer analyzed had low rates of injury. The main causal mechanism was the impact. A taller height and longer exposure to training were the main risk factors for injury among young soccer players.

Sports injuries among adolescent basketball players according to position on the court.

BACKGROUND: The participation of children and adolescents in sports, including basketball, is becoming increasingly common, and this increased involvement raises concerns about the potential risk of sports injuries. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the occurrence of sports injuries among young basketball players according to their position on the court and to associate these injuries with risk factors. METHOD: A retrospective, epidemiological study. A sample consisting of 204 basketball players with a mean age of 14.33 ± 1.19 years participated in the study. The players were interviewed using a reported condition questionnaire containing anthropometric and training data as well as information on injuries during the previous 12 months. RESULTS: The frequency of injury was highest among the shooting guards (47.8%), followed by the centers (34.8%) and point guards (17.4%). Among the 204 participants, 40 players reported a total of 46 injuries, representing 0.22 injuries per participant and 1.15 injuries per injured participant. For the shooting guards and centers, statistically significant differences between injured and non-injured players were found related to age, weight, height, length of time in training and number of weekly practice hours (p < 0.05). For point guards, a statistically significant difference between injured and non-injured players was found based on weight alone (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of injuries among basketball players was low. Injuries were associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic factors among shooting guards and centers, whereas injuries were only associated with weight among point guards.

Exploração de fatores de risco para lesões desportivas em atletas de tênis de mesa / Exploration of risk factors for sports injuries in athletes of table tennis

A prática do tênis de mesa requer inúmeras ações dinâmicas que podem conduzir a lesões desportivas, por isso é de importância conhecer fatores inerentes ao traumatismo nos atletas para posterior formulação dos modelos preventivos. Objetivou-se explorar os fatores de risco para lesões desportivas em mesa-tenistas. Para isso, foram entrevistados 111 atletas participantes do Campeonato Paulista de Tênis de Mesa, com média de idade de 22,39±8,88 anos de ambos os gêneros, recrutados ao acaso, classificados em dois níveis competitivos: regional/estadual e nacional/internacional. Utilizou-se o Inquérito de Morbidade Referida adaptado com as características do tênis de mesa com a finalidade de reunir dados pessoais, de treinamento e da lesão desportiva. Foram observadas 0,51 lesões por atleta, e os atletas de nível nacional/internacional apresentaram maiores índices de lesão (52,94%) do que os de nível estadual/regional (48,84%). No gesto específico, notou-se que os membros superiores (93,62%) e o tronco (87,5%) são os locais mais acometidos. Para ambos os níveis, o treinamento foi o momento mais relatado de ocorrência dos agravos. Conclui-se que atletas de nível nacional/internacional possuem maiores índices de lesão e que o gesto específico é a principal causa das lesões, acometendo principalmente os membros superiores e o tronco e ocorrendo com maior frequência durante o treinamento.

The practice of table tennis requires numerous dynamic actions which could conduce to athletic injuries. Due to the shortage of studies on this modality, there is important to know inherent factors to athletic injuries for a preventive patterns subsequent formulation. The objective of this study was to explore the risk factors to athletic injuries in table tennis players. For that, there were evaluated 111 athletes who participated of Paulista Championship of Table Tennis, with mean age of 22.39±8.88 years, of both gender, recruited on a randomized way and classified into two level of competition: regional/state and national/international. It was used the Reported Morbidity Survey adapted to the table tennis characteristics in order to gathering information about the personal data, training data and athletic injuries. There was observed 0.51 injuries by athlete, and the athletes of national/international level presented the higher indexes of injury (52.94%) when compared with regional/state (48.84%). On specific gesture, the upper limbs (93.62%) and the trunk (87.5%) were the most affected sites. For both level of competition, the training was the more related moment of the injuries occurrence. The conclusions are that the athletes of national/international level present higher indexes of injury and the specific gesture is the principal reason of injury, affecting mainly the upper limbs and trunk, occurring more frequently during the training.

Investigation of risk factors and characteristics of dance injuries.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to identify risk factors for the occurrence of sport injuries in dancers related to anthropometric variables, training, and specific dance characteristics. DESIGN: One-year, retrospective, cross-sectional study. SETTING: 26th Dance Festival of Joinville (Brazil), 2008. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred dancers (409 women and 91 men) with a mean age of 18.26 ± 4.55 years. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS: Dancers participating in the 26th Dance Festival of Joinville (Brazil) were interviewed using the Reported Condition Inquiry, which was previously validated and modified for dance. This questionnaire contains questions addressing the anthropometric data of the volunteers and characteristics of injuries that occurred in the past 12 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The data were collected through interviews addressing the occurrence of injuries and respective characteristics. Injury was considered any pain or musculoskeletal condition resulting from training and competition sufficient to alter the normal training routine in terms of form, duration, intensity, or frequency. RESULTS: A total of 377 injuries (75.40%) of the interviewees reported injuries in the past 12 months. The most affected anatomic segments were the ankle/foot (92 injuries; 28.75%) and thigh/leg (88 injuries; 27.50%) in classical ballet, the thigh/leg (43 injuries; 27.92%) in jazz/contemporary dance, and the knee (22 injuries; 43.14%) in tap/folk dance. The most reported causal mechanisms were dynamic overload and excessive use. CONCLUSIONS: Age and body weight were associated with injury in jazz/contemporary dance. Height was associated with injury in classical ballet and tap/folk dance. Duration of practice was associated with injury in classical ballet and jazz/contemporary dance.

Lesões desportivas na natação / Sports injuries in swimming

O estudo objetivou analisar a ocorrência de lesões em nadadores, associando-as a fatores de risco específicos da modalidade e do atleta. Fizeram parte desse estudo 215 atletas, de ambos os sexos, participantes dos principais campeonatos promovidos pela Federação Aquática Paulista. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de Inquérito de Morbidade Referida, constituído por perguntas relacionadas ao atleta, modalidade e referentes ao tipo, mecanismo e local da lesão. A análise entre variáveis antropométricas e presença de lesão foi realizada pelo teste t de Student ou pelo teste não paramétrico de Mann Whitney. Para relação entre as especificidades e o tipo, mecanismo e local da lesão, utilizou-se o teste de Goodman. Resultados significantes foram obtidos entre os atletas lesionados com mais idade e anos de treinamento. Segundo o mecanismo da lesão, o volume dos treinos é a principal causa de ocorrências de lesões e as tendinopatias são as lesões mais comuns. O ombro é o local mais acometido pelas diferentes especialidades, com exceção dos nadadores de peito que referiram a virilha. Conclui-se a partir dos achados que a exposição dos nadadores a prática esportiva associada ao volume de treinamento estão relacionadas com as frequentes lesões nestes atletas.

The study aimed to analyze the occurrence of injuries in swimmers, linking them to specific risk factors of the sport and the athlete. The present study evaluated 215 athletes of both sexes participating in the major championships, sponsored by the Aquatic Federation of São Paulo. Data were collected through a Morbidity Survey, consisting of questions related to the athlete, modality, as well as injury type, mechanism and site. Analysis between anthropometric variables and injury presence was performed by Student's t test or nonparametric Mann Whitney test. Goodman test was used for determination of specific relationship between injury type and site. Significant results were obtained between the older injured athletes and years of training. According to the injury mechanism, the training volume is the main cause of injury and tendinopathy are the most common examples. The shoulder is the site most affected by the different specialties, except for the breaststroke swimmers who reported the groin. The findings here state that exposure of swimmers to sports practice associated with the training volume is related to the frequent injuries in these athletes.

Correlação entre padrão postural em jovens praticantes do atletismo / Correlation of the postural standard in young track and field practitioners

O estudo objetivou observar o alinhamento corporal de jovens atletas praticantes de atletismo e analisar a associação de tais padrões dentro e entre os grupos de provas desta modalidade. Participaram 63 atletas de ambos os sexos e o protocolo de coleta para análise postural baseou-se na observação e registro fotográfico com marcações nos principais acidentes ósseos visando à verificação do alinhamento dessas estruturas. Os segmentos considerados para análise foram: tronco, pelve, joelho e tornozelo. Foi utilizado para análise dos dados o teste de Goodman para contrastes entre e dentro de proporções binomiais. Os resultados mostraram que saltadores (58,33 por cento) e arremessadores/lançadores (50,00 por cento) apresentam o tronco em posição mais equilibrada que atletas de resistência (5,56 por cento). Na região do quadril, arremessadores/lançadores apresentaram predomínio de pelve com rotação esquerda (66,67 por cento), enquanto nos saltadores foi observada elevada frequência de anteversão pélvica (58,33 por cento). A observação do joelho revelou altas taxas de normalidade e recurvatum em fundistas, valgo nos arremessadores/lançadores (50,00 por cento) e varo para os demais grupos. Para a articulação do tornozelo, nota-se que, exceto os saltadores, os grupos apresentaram predominância de valgismo. Conclui-se que, para atender às características particulares de cada prova, níveis distintos de postura são estabelecidos.

The aim of this study was to observe the body alignment of young athletes practicing athletics and analyze the combination of such patterns within and between groups of this modality. The sample was composed of 63 athletes of both sexes and the postural analysis protocol was based on observation and photographic record with markings on bone's accidents to verify the alignment of these structures. The segments considered in the analysis were: trunk, pelvis, knee and ankle. The Goodmann's test for contrasts between and within binomial proportions was used for data analysis. The results showed that jumpers (58.33 percent) and throwers/launchers (50.00 percent) presented the trunk in more balanced position than resistance athletes (5.56 percent). At the hip region, throwers/ launchers presented predominance of pelvis with left rotation (66.67 percent), while in jumpers was observed high frequencies for pelvic anteversion (58,33 percent). The knee observation revealed that resistance athletes presented normality and recurvatum, valgus in throwers/ launchers (50,00 percent) and varus for the other groups. For the ankle, except for jumpers, all groups showed predominance of valgism. It is concluded that to reach the specific characteristics of each population, different levels of posture are established.

Métodos de recuperação pós-exercício: uma revisão sistemática / Post-exercise recovery methods: a systematic review

A recuperação pós-exercício consiste em restaurar os sistemas do corpo a sua condição basal, proporcionando equilíbrio e prevenindo a instalação de lesões e, nesse sentido, torna-se aspecto importante de todo programa de condicionamento físico, em quaisquer níveis de desempenho, mas, sobretudo nos mais elevados. O objetivo desta revisão foi reunir informações e descrever as respostas proporcionadas por métodos recuperativos pós-exercício, como crioterapia, contraste, massagem e recuperação ativa, constituindo uma fonte de atualização do referido tema. Utilizaram-se os bancos de dados MedLine, Scielo e Lilacs, como lista de periódicos, o SportsDiscus. Foram incluídos no estudo somente ensaios clínicos randomizados controlados e não-controlados, além de artigos de revisão referentes ao tema proposto. Optou-se por procurar os termos: cryotherapy, massage, active recovery, thermotherapy, immersion e exercise, individualmente e em cruzamentos. Como achado, observou-se que alguns estudos relatam que a crioterapia é prejudicial em se tratando de recuperação pós-exercício, pois reduz o desempenho imediatamente após a aplicação da técnica. Por outro lado, estudos apontam como sendo benéfica, pois reduzem o nível de creatinaquinase após alta intensidade de esforço, evitando danos musculares. Para o contraste, embora apresente significância em se tratando de remoção de lactato sanguíneo, sua efetividade necessita ser mais bem discutida. Na massagem e na recuperação ativa, os principais vieses descritos dizem respeito à pressão exercida e à intensidade do exercício, respectivamente. Entre as técnicas, as que parecem ter efeitos semelhantes são o contraste e a recuperação ativa, no que tange à remoção de lactato e diminuição da creatinaquinase. Ressalta-se que o tempo de exposição é de fundamental importância para todos os métodos. Entretanto, diversos estudos não se propõem a identificar os reais efeitos fisiológicos promovidos pelas técnicas, utilizando-as...

The post-exercise recovery consists in restoring the body systems to baseline condition, providing balance and preventing injuries installation and, in that sense; it becomes an important aspect of every fitness program, at any levels of performance, but especially in higher levels. The objective of this review was to gather information and to describe the responses provided by post-exercise recovery methods, such as cryotherapy, contrast water immersion, massage and active recovery, providing an update on this issue. MedLine, Scielo and Lilacs databases were used, as well as the SportsDiscus list of journals. Only randomized controlled and non-controlled clinical essays, in addition to review articles concerning the proposed topic were included. Our choice was for the search terms: cryotherapy, massage, active recovery, thermotherapy, immersion and exercise, individually and combined. It was observed that some studies report that cryotherapy is harmful concerning post-exercise recovery, once it reduces performance immediately after the technique application. On the other hand, studies point it as being beneficial due to its reduction in the creatine kinase level after exercise, avoiding hence muscle damage. Concerning contrast water immersion, although it presents significance when it comes to blood lactate removal, its effectiveness needs to be better discussed. Regarding massage and active recovery, the main described biases relate to the pressure and intensity of the exercise, respectively. Among the techniques, contrast water immersion and active recovery seem to have similar effects concerning lactate removal and creatine kinase decrease. It is highlighted that the exposure time is crucial for all methods. However, several studies do not try to identify the real physiological effects promoted by the techniques, having them in limited use. Therefore, the inconsistency of the results found suggests that the assessed variables used...

Lesões desportivas na ginástica artística: estudo a partir de morbidade referida / Sports injuries in artistic gymnastics: a study from referred morbidity

INTRODUÇÃO: Os níveis de exigência biomecânica devidos ao alto grau de dificuldade na realização de gestos fazem da ginástica artística (GA) uma modalidade com elevado risco de lesões. Assim, é necessário que os aspectos a elas relacionados sejam controlados. OBJETIVO: Analisar a ocorrência de lesões na Ginástica Artística, associando-as a fatores de risco específicos da modalidade e do atleta, a partir de inquérito de morbidade referida. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 54 ginastas, recrutados ao acaso, classificados segundo o nível competitivo em duas categorias: regional e nacional. Utilizou-se o inquérito de morbidade referida (IMR) com a finalidade de reunir dados sobre a natureza da lesão, região corporal e aparelho ginástico. Os dados foram organizados e apresentados sob a forma de distribuição de freqüências e as variáveis, analisadas segundo nível de associação a partir do teste de Goodman para contrastes entre populações multinomiais, considerando significante o valor P < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Presença de lesão durante a temporada foi relatada por 39 (71,70 por cento) atletas, sendo 22 (56,41 por cento) mulheres e 17 (43,59 por cento) homens. Nas categorias regional masculino e feminino e nacional feminino, a maior ocorrência de lesões foi de origem articular, correspondendo a 55,56 por cento, 50 por cento e 45,45 por cento do total, respectivamente. Para o sexo feminino nacional, os membros inferiores foram os mais referidos (68,18 por cento) e, em ambas as categorias, as lesões ocorreram nos aparelhos de saltos (79,41 por cento), enquanto que no sexo masculino nacional o maior número de agravos foi verificado nos aparelhos de apoio e suspensão (72 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: Há elevada freqüência de lesões, acometendo principalmente articulações e membros inferiores, sendo os aparelhos de saltos os mais referidos quanto à ocorrência de acometimentos. Foi observado também que, quanto maiores as exigências de desempenho técnico, maior a...

INTRODUCTION: The levels of biomechanical demands due to the high level of difficulty in the gestures accomplishment make Artistic Gymnastics (AG) a modality with high risk of injuries. Thus, it is necessary that the aspects concerned with them are controlled. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the occurrence of injuries in artistic gymnastics, associating them with specific risk factors of the modality and of the athlete from reported morbidity survey. METHODS: 54 gymnasts randomly recruited have been interviewed and classified according to their competitive level into two categories: regional and national. The reported morbidity questionnaire (RMQ) was used with the purpose to collect data on the injury's nature, body region and gymnastic apparatus. Data were organized and presented under frequency distribution and analyzed variables. The variables were analyzed according to their level of association from the Goodmann's test for contrasts between multinomials populations considering significant value p<0.05. RESULTS: 39 (71.70 percent) athletes have reported injury during the season, being 22 of them (56.41) women and 17 (43.59 percent) men. In the regional male and female categories and in the national female, the largest reported occurrence of injuries was articular, corresponding to 55.56 percent, 50 percent and 45.45 percent of the total, respectively. For the national female category, the lower limbs were the most affected (68.18 percent). In female, the most frequent injuries occurred in the jumps (79.41 percent), while in national male the highest number of complaints has been reported in the support and suspension moves (72 percent). CONCLUSIONS: There is high frequency of injuries, especially in the joints and lower limbs, being the jump events the most mentioned concerning occurrence. It has also been observed that the higher the level of demand, the higher the occurrence of injuries.

A teoria da atividade como orientação psicopedagógica na implementação de atividades de estudo em ambientes virtuais / The theory of activity as psychopedagogic guidance in the implementation of study activities in virtual environments

Com o surgimento da Internet, os Ambientes Virtuais de Ensino-Aprendizagem (AVEA) se apresentam como mediadores tecnológicos que podem viabilizar os processos escolares, representando mais oportunidades educacionais. Permitem que se realize um trabalho didáticometodológico integrando diversas ferramentas que podem potencializar a formação de professores e alunos, através de uma prática dialógica e problematizadora. Nesse artigo, apresentamos as contribuições da Teoria da Atividade como uma orientação psicológica viável-possível para a implementação de atividades de estudo através de AVEA. Considerando a necessidade formativa em práticas mediadas, destacamos que o planejamento e a implementação de atividades de estudo potencializam e orientam a mesma. Além dessa, a estrutura didático-metodológica em torno de situações-problema precisa ser considerada para que aconteça o diálogo telemático entre todos os envolvidos no processo de ensinoaprendizagem.