RESUMO
Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) "binding antibodies" (antibodies capable of binding to synthetic peptides or proteins) occur throughout HIV-1 infection, are high-titered and highly cross-reactive, as confirmed in this study by analyzing plasma from B and F genotype HIV-1 infected individuals. Plasma from individuals infected with clade F HIV-1 displayed the most frequent cross-reactivity, in high titers, while Bbr plasma showed much higher specificity. Similarly, neutralization of a reference HIV-1 isolate (HIV-1 MN) was more frequently observed by plasma from F than B genotype infected individuals. No significant difference was seen in neutralization susceptibility of primary B, Bbr or F clade HIV-1 by plasma from individuals infected with the classical B (GPGR) or F HIV-1, but Bbr (GWGR) plasma were less likely to neutralize the F genotype primary HIV-1 isolates. The data indicate that both B and F genotype derived vaccines would be equally effective against B and F HIV-1 infection, with a slightly more probable effectiveness for F than B genotype. Although the Bbr variant appears to induce a much more specific humoral immune response, the susceptibility in neutralizing the Brazilian HIV-1 B genotype Bbr variant is similar to that observed with the classical B genotype HIV-1.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Especificidade de Anticorpos/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Antígenos HIV/imunologia , /imunologia , HIV-1 , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/imunologia , Vacinas contra a AIDS , Especificidade de Anticorpos/genética , Reações Cruzadas/genética , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Genótipo , /genética , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1 , Testes de Neutralização/métodos , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/genéticaRESUMO
The dynamics of the spread of the AIDS epidemic in Brazil have been studied by an analysis of cases reported between 1987 and 1995. The analysis evaluates characteristics of the epidemic as it changed over time, geographic region and special sub-populations affected. Data collected by the National Coordination of sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) and AIDS of the Health Ministry were reviewed and incidence rates calculated. Three periods of time were identified (1987-89, 1990-92, and 1993-95) and the distribution of cases by age group, sex, risk factor sub-population, and major geographic region recorded. Several observations can be made from this information: 1)The disease began among homosexual / bisexual males in large metropolitan areas of the southeast of Brazil. 2) It spread to other risk groups such as intravenous drug users (IDU) and recipients of blood products. 3) The diseases increased rapidly between 1987-89 and 1990-92, but then showed a plateau, particularly in the homosexual / bisexual group. 4) Increase in cases persisted in the IDU group. 5) The incidence among heterosexuals and in smaller municipalities has continued to increase indicative of a shift in the dynamics of the epidemic. The shift in the characteristics of the epidemic away from special groups and towards the socially vulnerable, poorly educated, heterosexual, smaller municipalities require new preventive strategies adaptable to regional patterns of each social structure, economy and culture.
RESUMO
The use of geoprocessing techniques allows one to gather socioeconomic, health, and environmental data on a spatial basis. However, interpretation of associations between epidemiological and environmental variables requires the geoprocessing system design. The study scale and object choices precede conception of the system, conditioning the possible statistical and visual results. This scale must be compatible with the phenomenon on which one intends to focus, aiming at internal homogeneity and external heterogeneity of spatial units. The interdependency of spatial processes, reflected in the spatial configuration of social, environmental, and epidemiological data distribution, affects interpretation of causes for simultaneous processes. Geoprocessing allows for knowledge of the context or situational surroundings in which the damage to health takes place.
RESUMO
Os participantes debateram os desafios no enfrentamento do consumo e venda do crack no Brasil. O objetivo do Ceensp é apresentar e consolidar reflexões para a realidade de saúde pública e para o sistema de ciência e tecnologia. É um espaço estratégico para a formação dos alunos, destinado a circulação de idéias e de diálogo com os diversos setores da saúde pública. Arquivo disponível para audição e/ou download no ícone ao lado.
RESUMO
Abordou a temática sobre a ótica dos estudos realizados sobre drogas. Citou o estudo Putting Respondent-Driven Sampling on the Map: Insights from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, que mapeou a situação do uso de drogas no país. As conclusões do estudo apontaram que quase um quarto dos entrevistados não tem endereço fixo localizável, diferente dos achados do estudo utilizando a mesma estratégia de captura de informações e usuários de um ambulatório para tratamento do abuso de drogas. Para o pesquisador, existem ainda outros métodos para capturar informações não capturáveis, como pesquisas clássicas com populações cativas e inquéritos domiciliares, além do uso das redes sociais na sociedade atual. De acordo com Inácio, "o consumo é, por definição, uma rede de distribuição, aquisição e consumo. Usuários, mesmo os mais isolados e estigmatizados, interagem com redes da sociedade em geral", explicou. Em seguida, o professor abordou a questão econômica com relação à venda e uso do crack. 'Na verdade, por que os preços do crack têm declinado ao invés de sofrerem incremento se a procura é cada vez maior?'. Arquivos disponíveis para leitura, audição e/ou download nos ícones ao lado.
