What complete mitochondrial genomes tell us about the evolutionary history of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens.

BACKGROUND: The Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens is a cosmopolitan fly massively used by industrial companies to reduce biowaste and produce protein and fat for poultry and aquaculture feed. However, the natural history and the genetic diversity of the BSF are poorly known. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogeny and time tree based on a large dataset of complete mitochondrial genomes better to understand the evolution and timing of the BSF. RESULTS: In this study, we analyzed 677 CO1 sequences derived from samples found all over the five continents, leading us to discover 52 haplotypes, including ten major haplotypes. This worldwide cryptic genetic and genomic diversity is mirrored at a local scale in France, in which we found five major haplotypes sometimes in sympatry. Phylogenetic analyses of 60 complete mitochondrial genomes robustly resolved the phylogeny of the major BSF haplotypes. We estimate the separation events of the different haplotypes at more than 2 million years for the oldest branches characterizing the ancestral split between present North American lineages and the other highly diverse south-central American clades, possibly the following radiation beyond the isthmus of Panama northwards. Our data confirm that this North American lineage ultimately gave birth to almost all commercial BSF stocks that participated in the worldwide BSF dissemination through farm escapements. CONCLUSIONS: Our data resolve the phylogenetic relationships between the major lineages and give insights into the BSF's short and long-term evolution. Our results indicate that commercial BSF stock's genetic and genomic diversity is very low. These results call for a better understanding of the genomic diversity of the BSF to unravel possible specific adaptations of the different lineages for industrial needs and to initiate the selection process.

Relationship between invasion success and colony breeding structure in a subterranean termite.

Factors promoting the establishment and colonization success of introduced populations in new environments constitute an important issue in biological invasions. In this context, the respective role of pre-adaptation and evolutionary changes during the invasion process is a key question that requires particular attention. This study compared the colony breeding structure (i.e. number and relatedness among reproductives within colonies) in native and introduced populations of the subterranean pest termite, Reticulitermes flavipes. We generated and analysed a data set of both microsatellite and mtDNA loci on termite samples collected in three introduced populations, one in France and two in Chile, and in the putative source population of French and Chilean infestations that has recently been identified in New Orleans, LA. We also provided a synthesis combining our results with those of previous studies to obtain a global picture of the variation in breeding structure in this species. Whereas most native US populations are mainly composed of colonies headed by monogamous pairs of primary reproductives, all introduced populations exhibit a particular colony breeding structure that is characterized by hundreds of inbreeding reproductives (neotenics) and by a propensity of colonies to fuse, a pattern shared uniquely with the population of New Orleans. These characteristics are comparable to those of many invasive ants and are discussed to play an important role during the invasion process. Our finding that the New Orleans population exhibits the same breeding structure as its related introduced populations suggests that this native population is pre-adapted to invade new ranges.

[Pulmonary venous thrombosis and neoplasia related cerebrovascular ischaemic events]. / Accidents vasculaires cérébraux et néoplasie: évoquer la thrombose veineuse pulmonaire.

Stroke in patients with malignant tumor are associated with various aetiologies. We report a case of lung adnocarcinoma with pulmonary vein thrombosis appending into the left atrial revealed by multiple cerebral infarcts.

Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of pyranophenanthridine analogues of fagaronine and acronycine.

Condensation of 5-amino, 6-amino, 7-amino and 8-amino-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromenes with either 6-bromoveratraldehyde or 6-chloropiperonal afforded the corresponding Schiff bases, which were subsequently reduced to the corresponding benzylchromenylamines 30-33 and 36-39. Lithium diisopropylamide-mediated cyclization of those amines, followed by spontaneous air oxidation, afforded pyranophenanthridines 3-14. The cytotoxicity of compounds 3-14 was evaluated against L1210 and HT29 cell lines. 9,9-Dimethyl-9H-pyrano[3,2-b]phenanthridines appear to be the most promising compounds of the series, since both the dimethoxy derivative 11 and the methylenedioxy derivative 12 exhibit significant cytotoxic activity. Compound 12 was the most active and induced a massive accumulation of cells in G2 + M phases, suggesting that the cytotoxicity is due to a perturbation of the integrity or function of DNA.

Lugrandoside: a new phenylpropanoid glycoside from various digitalis species.

A novel phenylpropanoid glycoside, lugrandoside, has been isolated from the caulinary leaves of DIGITALIS LUTEA L. and DIGITALIS GRANDIFLORA Miller. The structure of this compound has been elucidated on the basis of its chemical properties and spectral data as 3,4-dihydroxy-beta-phenylethoxy- O-beta- D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-4- O-TRANS-caffeoyl-beta- D-glucopyranoside ( 1).

[Polyphenols (acid-phenols, flavonoids, anthraquinones) from Digitalis grandiflora Mill. ( = D. ambigua Murr.)]. / Sur les polyphénols (acides-phénols, flavonoídes, anthraquinones) de Digitalis grandiflora Mill. ( = D, ambigua Murr.)

In Digitalis grandiflora, flavonoids are mainly constituted by flavone glycuronides which are found in all aerial organs, except the seeds; in the flowers are supplementary flavonoids, particularly, in the stamens, a kaempferol derivative.