Ansiedad, estrés y calidad de sueño asociados a COVID-19 en universitarios del noroeste de México / Anxiety, stress and sleep quality associated to COVID-19 in university students in northwestern Mexico

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los niveles de ansiedad, estrés percibido y calidad del sueño en universitarios del noroeste de México durante la pandemia por COVID-19 y examinar su asociación con variables sociodemográficas y con preguntas relacionadas con el COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, correlacional y transversal, en una muestra no probabilística de 1691 estudiantes. Se aplicaron encuestas en línea por medio de Google Forms. Se utilizó la prueba Ji-cuadrado (X2), la correlación de Spearman y análisis de regresión logística multivariado, se contó con aprobación de comité de ética y consentimiento informado de los participantes. Resultados: El 38.4% de los estudiantes presentaron ansiedad moderada y 36.5% severa. Predominó un nivel moderado de estrés (50.1%) y mala calidad del sueño (65.8%). La variable sexo se asoció con ansiedad (X2 = 88.87, p < .001), estrés percibido (X2 = 72.34, p < .001) y mala calidad del sueño (X2 = 31.26, p < .001). La regresión logística determinó que los estudiantes cuyos ingresos familiares disminuyeron a causa de la pandemia presentaron mayor riesgo de ansiedad (OR = 1.67, p =.001), estrés (OR= 1.57, p =.011) y mala calidad del sueño (OR = 1.46). Conclusiones: Más de la mitad de los estudiantes universitarios que participaron en esta investigación presentaron algún nivel de ansiedad, estrés y mala calidad de sueño durante la pandemia por COVID-19, por lo anterior, se requiere el desarrollo de programas de intervención psicosocial de salud mental dirigidos a estudiantes universitarios.

Abstract Objective: Identify the levels of anxiety, perceived stress, and sleep quality in university students in northwestern Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine their association to sociodemographic variables and questions related to COVID-19. Materials and methods: Descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional study in a non-probabilistic sample of 1691 students. Online surveys were administered using Google Forms. The chi-square test (X2), Spearman's correlation and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used, with the approval of the ethics committee and informed consent of the participants. Results: 38.4% of the students presented moderate anxiety and 36.5% severe anxiety. Moderate level of stress (50.1%) and poor sleep quality (65.8%) predominated. The sex variable was associated to anxiety (X2 = 88.87, p < .001), perceived stress (X2 = 72.34, p < .001) and poor sleep quality (X2 = 31.26, p < .001). Logistic regression determined that students whose family income decreased because of the pandemic were at higher risk of experiencing anxiety (OR = 1.67, p =.001), stress (OR= 1.57, p =.011), and poor sleep quality (OR = 1.46). Conclusions: More than half of the university students who participated in this study presented some level of anxiety, stress and poor sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the development of psychosocial mental health intervention programs aimed at university students is required.

Alteraciones metabólicas y circadianas en personal de enfermería de un hospital público del noroeste de México / Circadian and metabolic alterations among nursing personnel in a northeastern public hospital in Mexico / Alterações metabólicas e circadianas na equipe de enfermagem de um hospital público no noroeste do México

RESUMEN Introducción Las alteraciones metabólicas se vinculan a los ritmos biológicos, dado que es tos sistemas controlan aspectos fisiológicos como patrones de sueño/vigilia, temperatura corporal, presión arterial y liberación de hormonas endocrinas. Objetivo Identificar la relación entre los componentes del síndrome metabólico y disincro nía circadiana en personal de enfermería de un hospital público. Métodos Estudio correlacional. Muestra censal de 30 profesionales de enfermería de dos turnos. Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron tres cédulas: a) antecedentes biosociode mográficos y laborales; b) síndrome metabólico; c) ciclo circadiano. En el procesamiento de datos se utilizó pruebas Chi-cuadrada, R de Pearson y Rho de Spearman, se verificó el su puesto de normalidad con Shapiro-Wilk. Se contó con autorización del Comité de Ética de la institución de salud y con el consentimiento informado de participantes. Resultados 43.3 % del personal de enfermería cumplió con criterios diagnósticos de síndro me metabólico, 100 % del turno nocturno presentó disincronía circadiana con base en el indicador patrón de sueño. El consumo de alcohol y nivel alto de triglicéridos, mostraron relación positiva estadísticamente significativa con la presencia de insomnio (p ≤ 0.001; p ≤ 0.05). Conclusión El síndrome metabólico es un problema de salud con alta prevalencia entre el personal de enfermería, independientemente del nivel académico o del turno laboral. El peso y los triglicéridos fueron indicadores que mostraron relación con patrones de sueño afectados. Esto enfatiza la importancia de incidir en la prevención y tratamiento del sín drome metabólico como una prioridad en el personal de enfermería, desde la salud laboral.

ABSTRACT Introduction Metabolic alterations are linked to biologic rhythms because these cycles control physiologic patterns including sleep/awake, body temperature, blood pressure, and hormones release. Objective To identify the relationship between the metabolic syndrome components and the circadian alterations among nursing personnel in a public hospital in Mexico. Method This is a correlational study. The sample was constituted of 30 nursing professio nals working in 2 shifts. Data were collected using three registers: a) bio socio-demographic and labor-related backgrounds; b) metabolic syndrome; c) circadian cycle. Chi-square, Pearson's R, Spearman's Rho, and Shapiro-Wilk normality test were calculated. The study approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Health Institution. The corresponding informed consent was obtained from all participants. Results 43.3 % of the nursing personnel qualified for the metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria. 100 % of the nurses working the night shift showed circadian alterations in terms of sleep patterns. Alcohol consumption and high levels of triglycerides were positively and significantly related to insomnia (p ≤ 0.001; p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion The metabolic syndrome is a health problem with a high prevalence in all kinds of nursing personnel. Bodyweight and triglyceride levels were indicators suggesting altered sleep patterns. This situation highlights the importance of designing and implementing strategies aimed at preventing and addressing metabolic syndrome among nursing person nel as a labor health priority.

RESUMO Introdução As alterações metabólicas estão ligadas aos ritmos biológicos, pois esses siste mas controlam aspectos fisiológicos como padrões de sono/vigília, temperatura corporal, pressão arterial e liberação de hormônios endócrinos. Objetivo Identificar a relação entre os componentes da síndrome metabólica e a dissincro nia circadiana na equipe de enfermagem de um hospital público. Métodos Estudo correlacional. Amostra censitária de 30 profissionais de enfermagem com dois turnos. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados três cartões: a) antecedentes biossociodemográficos e laborais; b) síndrome metabólica; c) ciclo circadiano. No processa mento dos dados foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado, R de Pearson e Rho de Spearman, a suposição de normalidade foi verificada com Shapiro-Wilk. Contou-se com a autorização do Comitê de Ética da instituição de saúde e o termo de consentimento informado dos participantes. Resultados 43.3 % da equipe de enfermagem atendeu aos critérios diagnósticos para sín drome metabólica, 100 % do plantão noturno apresentou dissincronia circadiana com base no indicador padrão de sono. O consumo de álcool e o nível elevado de triglicerídeos mos traram relação positiva estatisticamente significativa com a presença de insônia (p ≤ 0.001; p ≤ 0.05). Conclusão A síndrome metabólica é um problema de saúde de alta prevalência entre a equipe de enfermagem, independentemente do nível acadêmico ou turno de trabalho. O peso e os triglicerídeos foram indicadores que mostraram relação com os padrões de sono afetados. Isto ressalta a importância de influenciar a prevenção e o tratamento da síndrome metabólica como prioridade na equipe de enfermagem, desde a saúde do trabalhador.

Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin and protoxin do not provoke acute or chronic cytotoxicity on macrophages and leukocytes.

The bioinsecticidal Cry1Ac proteins (protoxin and toxin) are potent immunogens that can activate macrophages by inducing upregulation of costimulatory molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Besides, by the oral route, Cry1Ac toxin is mildly allergenic and induces intestinal lymphoid hyperplasia in mice. Given the potential utility of Cry1Ac protoxin as an adjuvant, as well as the human consumption of Cry1Ac toxin in transgenic crops, it is necessary to more deeply evaluate the toxicological potential of these proteins in mammalian immune cells. Here, were used in vitro evaluations in leukocyte and macrophage cell lines to test the potential toxicity of various doses of Cry1Ac proteins, by means of Alamar Blue, MTT, Annexin V, and JC1 assays. Our results indicated that neither Cry1Ac protoxin nor toxin elicited acute toxic effects, after monitoring the cell activity for 4, 8, 10, and 24 h of exposure. By flow cytometry and confocal microscopy analysis, it was observed that neither Cry1Ac toxin nor protoxin generated mitochondrial damage or depolarization or induced apoptosis or necrosis. In conclusion, despite their immunostimulatory effects, it was demonstrated that Cry1Ac proteins did not have cytotoxic effects, even at high concentrations, in primary leukocytes or macrophages or cell lines.

Efecto de un programa de Educación Física con actividades motrices para desarrollar el área motora en niños con discapacidad intelectual / Effect of a Physical Education program with motor activities to develop the motor area in children with intellectual disabilities

RESUMEN. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de un programa de educación física con actividades motrices en niños con discapacidad intelectual inscritos en el Centro de Atención Múltiple de la ciudad de Hermosillo, Sonora. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo de diseño cuasi-experimental con medias repetidas pretest-postest no aleatorizado, siendo cada participante su propio control. La muestra por conveniencia estuvo conformada por 12 niños en un rango de edad de 7a 10 años (9 ±1.04). La evaluación se llevó a cabo por medio del Inventario de Desarrollo Battelle, el cual se aplicó al inicio y al final del programa, el cual tuvo una duración de tres meses. Se utilizó material didáctico reciclado para estimular los aspectos motrices que se deseaban. Los resultados muestran cambios significativos en la coordinación corporal y en locomoción (p=0.006). Se concluye que aplicar un programa de educación física con actividades motrices de manera regular, a niños con discapacidad, puede contribuir desarrollar de mejor manera las habilidades de motricidad superando su edad equivalente.

ABSTRACT. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of a physical education program with motor activities in children with intellectual disabilities enrolled in the Multiple Attention Center of the city of Hermosillo, Sonora. A quantitative study of quasi-experimental design with repeated means pretest-posttest non-randomized, with each participant being his/her own control was carried out. The convenience sample consisted of 12 children in an age range of 7to 10 years (9 ±1.04). The evaluation was carried out by means of the Battelle Development Inventory, which was applied at the beginning and at the end of the three-month program. Recycled didactic material was used to stimulate the desired motor aspects. The results show significant changes in body coordination and locomotion (p=0.006). It is concluded that applying a physical education program with motor activities on a regular basis to children with disabilities can contribute to better develop motor skills beyond their age equivalent.

La aplicación de un programa de intervención para el beneficio de la salud física y emocional en mujeres adultas mayores en Hermosillo, Sonora

Se llevó a cabo un estudio cuantitativo de diseño cuasiexperimental para identificar los beneficios físicos y emocionales que promueve un programa de activación física sistematizado en mujeres adultas mayores del Instituto Nacional de las Personas Adultas Mayores (INAPAM) y del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado de Sonora (ISSSTESON). Se aplicó para ello el Test de Senior Fitness (SFT) y la escala de ansiedad y depresión de Goldberg (EADG) a una muestra no probabilística de 70 personas de Hermosillo, Sonora del sexo femenino, mayores de 65 años (M= 68.4, DS= 5.12 años). Los resultados mostraron una disminución del 61 % en la prevalencia de ansiedad y un 30 % en el síntoma de depresión después del programa. Se observaron cambios estadísticamente significativos en la flexibilidad muscular de las extremidades inferiores (p<0.05). Respecto a la resistencia aeróbica, las participantes lograron aumentar en promedio 36 metros más de lo que habían recorrido en los 6 minutos de marcha al inicio del programa. El programa de actividad física sistematizado en mujeres adultas mayores disminuye la prevalencia de ansiedad y depresión, desarrolla la capacidad de estiramiento, capacidad aeróbica, agilidad y equilibrio dinámico.

A quantitative study of a quasi-experimental design was conducted to identify the physical and emotional benefits promoted by a systematized physical activation program in older women of the National Institute for Older Persons and the Institute of Worker Safety and Social Services of the State of Sonora. The Senior Fitness Test (SFT) and the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (GADS) were applied to a non-probabilistic sample of 70 women over 65 years old (M = 68.4, SD = 5.12 years) from Hermosillo, Sonora. The results showed a decrease of 61% in the prevalence of anxiety and a 30% decrease in the symptom of depression after the program. Statistically significant changes were observed in the muscular flexibility of the lower extremities (p <0.05). Regarding aerobic resistance, the participants managed to increase an average of 36 meters more than they had traveled in the six minutes of walking at the beginning of the program. The program of physical activity systematized in older women reduces the prevalence of anxiety and depression and develops the ability to stretch, aerobic capacity, agility, and dynamic equilibrium.

Um estudo quantitativo de desenho quase experimental para identificar os benefícios físicos e emocionais que promove um programa de activação física sistematizado em mulheres idosas do Instituto Nacional de Idosos e do Instituto de Segurança do Trabalhador e Serviços Sociais do estado de Sonora. Aplicou-se para isso o Teste de Senior Fitness (SFT) e a escala de ansiedade e depressão de Goldberg (EADG) a uma amostra não probabilística de 70 pessoas de Hermosillo, Sonora, do sexo feminino, maiores de 65 anos (M= 68.4, DS= 5.12 anos). Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição de 61% na prevalência de ansiedade e uma diminuição de 30% no sintoma de depressão após o programa. Observaram-se mudanças estatisticamente significativas na flexibilidade muscular das extremidades inferiores (p <0,05). Em relação à resistência aeróbica, as participantes conseguiram aumentar em média 36 metros a mais do que haviam percorrido nos 6 minutos de caminhada no início do programa. O programa de atividade física sistematizado em mulheres idosas diminui a prevalência de ansiedade e depressão, desenvolve a capacidade de alongamento, capacidade aeróbica, agilidade e equilíbrio dinâmico.

First case of natural infection in pigs. Review of Trypanosoma cruzi reservoirs in Mexico

An epidemiological research project was performed in the State of Morelos including collection of samples for blood smears and culture, serological tests, and xenodiagnoses from a total of 76 domestic and peridomestic mammals. Two strains of Trypanosoma cruzi were isolated by haemocultures; one from a pig (Sus scrofa), the first case of natural infection reported in Mexico, and the other from a dog (Canis familiaris). This study summarizes current information in Mexico concerning confirmed reservoirs of T. cruzi.