The role of curcumin during pregnancy on the exposed fetuses' tissues of Wistar rats to electromagnetic field.

To investigate curcumin (CUR) as the protector against the harmful effects of low-frequency electromagnetic field(LF- EMF, 50 Hz) during pregnancy period, 5 males and 15 females of Wistar rat mated and vaginal plaques were observed. Then, the pregnant rats were divided into six groups. During pregnancy(21 days), the EMF group was exposed to EMF for 30 min/day, the CUR group received a single dose of 50 mg/kg/daily CUR intraperitoneal, the EMF+CUR group was injected CUR and exposed to EMF daily. The DMSO(dimethyl sulfoxide) group was injected solvent of CUR (DMSO) intraperitoneal with the same volume of CUR solvent, the sham group was placed through the solenoid in the same conditions as the first group without exposure and the control group was kept in their cage in normal condition. After four weeks, babies born were divided according to the mother groups and sacrificed. Then, the three tissues injuries were investigated. EMF exposure led to an increase in outstanding necrotic areas in hippocampal tissue, an increase in the amount of hyperemia(p = 0.017) and necrotic(p = 0.005) in kidneys, and degeneration in liver tissue(p = 0.007) in the EMF group compared with EMF+CUR groups. A single dose of CUR daily during pregnancy can protect these tissues from injuries caused by LF-EMF exposure in rat fetuses.

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are able to penetrate and be absorbed by the body. The researchers showed that these radiations might be harmful and lead to cancers, cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders, and fetal abnormalities. Curcumin as an active component in turmeric has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemia properties. It can protect the body against diseases such as arthritis, anxiety, and metabolic syndrome. This study examined the effects of curcumin as the protector against the harmful effects of EMF (50Hz) during pregnancy period. So the pregnant rats were divided into six groups. During pregnancy, a group was exposed to EMF for 30 min/day, the second group was injected a dose of curcumin 50mg/kg/daily, the third group was injected curcumin and exposed to EMF daily. The fourth group was injected a curcumin solvent dose, the sham group was placed through the field generator in the same conditions as the first group without exposure and the control group was kept in their cage in normal condition. After four weeks, babies born were divided according to the mother groups and sacrificed. Then, the liver, kidney, and hippocampal tissues were investigated. EMF exposure led to an outstanding increase in necrotic areas in hippocampal tissue, a notable increase in the amount of hyperemia and necrosis in kidneys, and degeneration in liver tissue(p=0.007) in the EMF group compared with the third group that was exposed to EMF and received curcumin. A single dose of curcumin daily during pregnancy can protect these tissues from injuries caused by EMF(50Hz) exposure in rat fetuses.

Anti-parasitic effects of resveratrol on protoscolices and hydatid cyst layers.

The main goal of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of resveratrol (RESV) on protoscolices and hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granolosus. Echinococcus granolosus protoscolices and hydatid cyst were exposed to RPMI, DMSO, formalin, mebendazole, and different concentrations of RESV in vitro. Then, viability, GGT, and caspase-3 activity of protoscolices were evaluated using light microscopy, colorimetric, and enzymatic assay, respectively. Tissue changes and expression of caspase-3 apoptosis were analyzed on the hydatid cyst wall by histologic and immunohistochemistry methods. The cell toxicity effect of RESV was evaluated on mouse PBMCs by Annexin V-FITC assay. The RESV-treated protoscolices showed loss of viability, increased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and caspase-3 activity with significant differences compared to all control groups (P < 0.05). Dose and time dependence of mortality, GGT, and caspase-3 enzymatic activity was confirmed in the protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus treated by RESV. Also, the tissue changes and apoptosis were prominent in RESV-treated hydatid cyst layers; however, tissue changes were only time-dependent, and RESV concentration had no apparent effect on tissue. In cell toxicity evaluation, RESV is safe without any significant apoptosis induction from 31.5 to 250 µg/ml; however, it was significant at 350 and 500 µg/ml in PBMCs.

Sex determination from the humerus bone in Iranian cases / Determinación del sexo a partir del húmero en casos iraníes

Sex determination from bones is of vital importance in anthropological studies and medico-legal cases. The present study focused on measurements of the humerus, and evaluation of the differences in sex present in the morphology through statistical analysis. In our study, 61 dry adult humerus bones of known sex (35 males and 26 female) were studied. Damaged bones were excluded from the study. Each humerus was measured for 10 parameters; measurements were taken by using a sliding caliper as described in anthropology textbooks and previous studies. The osteometric data of the humerus of the present study is statistically analyzed and in both sexes are compared. Statistical tests were applied to the metrical data obtained to assess whether the differences between the means of each parameter are statistically significant between male and female. We found more discriminatory parameters for the identification of sex from humerus. In this study we found in men positive correlations between AR and epicondylar width (0.471**) and midshaft with length of humerous (0.481**); the correlation of these parameters was not found in females. Conversely we found in female, positive correlations between medial and lateral angle with mid shaf t circumference (0.488**) and width of epicondylar and maximum length (0.511**) and medial angle, with medial and lateral angle (0.498**) and maximum width with length of humerous (0.512**); correlation of these parameters were not observed in males. In previous studies authors did not analyze relationship between total humeral length and the measurements of their segments related to possible differences among populations, by sex separately. This may be due to genetic, nutritional and socio-economic differences in the individuals or may be due to hypo masculinity in female humerus and hyper masculinity in male humerus.

La determinación del sexo a partir de los huesos es de vital importancia en los estudios antropológicos y en los casos médico-legales. El presente estudio se centró en las mediciones del húmero y en evaluar las diferencias de sexo presentes en la morfología a través del análisis estadístico. En nuestra investigación, se estudiaron 61 húmeros adultos secos (35 hombres y 26 mujeres). Los huesos dañados fueron excluidos del estudio. Cada húmero se midió para 10 parámetros; las mediciones se realizaron utilizando un calibrador deslizante como está descrito en textos de antropología y estudios anteriores. Los datos osteométricos del húmero se analizaron estadísticamente y se compararon ambos sexos. Se aplicaron pruebas estadísticas a los datos métricos obtenidos para evaluar si las diferencias entre las medias de cada parámetro eran estadísticamente significativas entre hombres y mujeres. Se observó que existen parámetros más discriminatorios para la identificación del sexo a partir del húmero. En este estudio, encontramos en los hombres correlaciones positivas entre AR y ancho epicondilar (0,471**) y vástago medio con la longitud de del húmero (0,481**) que no tienen esta correlación de parámetros en mujeres. Además, encontramos correlaciones positivas entre mujeres: ángulo medial y lateral con circunferencia del eje medio t (0,488**) y ancho epicondilar y longitud máxima (0,511**) y ángulo medial con ángulo medial y lateral (0.498**), y ancho máximo con longitud de húmero (0.512**) no se observaron estos parámetros de correlación en el hombre. En estudios anteriores, los autores no analizaron la relación entre la longitud humeral total y las medidas de los segmentos con las posibles diferencias entre la población agrupada por sexo. Esto se podría deber a la diferencia genética, nutricional y socioeconómica en los individuos o la hipocomunidad en el húmero femenino y la hiper masculinidad en el húmero de los hombres.

Effects of different Sertoli cell types on the maintenance of adult spermatogonial stem cells in vitro.

Spermatongonial stem cells (SSCs) are unique testis cells that are able to proliferate, differentiate, and transmit genetic information to the next generation. However, the effect of different Sertoli cell types on the expression of specific SSC genes is not yet well understood. In this study, we compare the in vitro effect of adult Sertoli cells, embryonic Sertoli cells, and TM4 (a Sertoli cell line) as feeder layers on the expression of SSC genes. SSCs were isolated from the testis of adult male mice and purified by differential plating. Following enrichment, SSCs were cultivated for 1 and 2 wk in the presence of various feeders. The expression of SSC-specific genes (Mvh, ZBTB, and c-kit) was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our results revealed that expression of the specific SSC genes was significantly higher in the embryonic Sertoli cells after 1 and 2 wk compared to the adult Sertoli cells and the TM4 group. Our finding suggest that co-culturing of SSCs with embryonic Sertoli cells is helpful for in vitro cultivation of SSCs and might improve the self-renewal of these stem cells.

Effect of Omegaven on mast cell concentration in diabetic wound healing.

Diabetic wound healing is a complicated process. In all over the world 15% of 200 million diabetic people suffer from diabetic foot problems. Mast cells are known to participate in three phases of wound healing: the inflammatory reaction, angiogenesis and extracellular-matrix reabsorption. The inflammatory reaction is mediated by released histamine and arachidonic acid metabolites. Omega-3 fatty acids alter proinflammatory cytokine production during wound healing which affects the presence of inflammatory cells in wound area as well, but how this events specifically influences the presence of mast cells in wound healing is not clearly understood. This study is conducted to determine the effect of Omegaven, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) on pattern of presence of mast cells in diabetic wound area. Diabetic male wistar rats were euthanized at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 15 days after the excision was made. To estimate the number of mast cells histological sections were provided from wound area and stained with toluidine blue. In this relation wound area (8400 microscopic field, 45.69 mm2) were examined by stereological methods by light microscope. We found that comparing experimental and control group, omega-3 fatty acids significantly decreased wound area in day 7 and also the number of grade three mast cells in day 3 and 5. We also found that wound strength has significantly increased in experimental group at day 15.

Computed tomographic measurements of orbital entrance dimensions in relation to age and gender in a sample of healthy Iranian population.

PURPOSE: To determine the dimensions of orbital entrance in unaffected bony orbit by computed tomography (CT) in a sample of Iranian population. METHODS: Radiologic features of 120 patients were gathered using standardized skull protocol by CT scan. We measured the distance between anterior lacrimal crest and orbital border of zygomatic bone, termed width, and the distance between the plane passing through the anterior orbital entrance to optic canal, termed depth, using horizontal sections of skull base CT scan. Sagittal sections were used to demonstrate the height, the distance between frontal and maxillary bone. Orbital index (height/width *100) was then calculated. RESULTS: The mean values of orbital width, height, and depth were 28.49 ± 2.35 mm, 32.14 ± 1.57 mm, and 38.84 ± 3.90 mm, respectively. There was a significant difference in height (P = 0.001), depth (P = 0.004), and width (P = 0.012) between the right and left orbits. The mean value of the orbital index was 88.65 ± 8.90 mm in this population. CONCLUSIONS: The orbital index of this sample Iranian people is Mesoseme according to our study results, the expected characteristic of the white race. The right orbits are determined to be larger than the left ones.

Histological Changes of the Ovary in Pregnant Mice Vaginally Exposed to Toxoplasma gondii.

BACKGROUND: Congenital toxoplasmosis is one cause of abortion. Infection can disrupt ovarian cycles and because toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease may have a similar effect on the ovaries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pathological changes in the ovaries due to toxoplasmosis. METHODS: Tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii were harvested from peritoneal fluid of mice, experimentally infected. Two females and one male mouse were housed per cage for mating in the overnight. The pregnant mice were divided into experimental and control groups. Experimental group were infected by parasite but the control group received the normal saline. The experimental and control mice were euthanized. Ovaries and uterine horns of animals were removed and prepared for light microscopy. RESULTS: Ovaries of infected pregnant mice presented gross morphological differences compared to the control groups. In ovaries of experimental groups, changes of corpus luteum were observed. The comparison of experimental and control groups revealed that the number of primary follicles, secondary follicle, atretic primary follicles and atretic secondary follicles had significant differences (P≤0.001). CONCLUSION: Toxoplasma gondii alters ovarian follicular growth and development in mice. In addition, it alters number of different phases of follicles and corpus luteum in ovaries of mice.

The effects of age and sex on brain volume / Efectos de la edad y del sexo en el volumen del cerebro

Age is associated with substantial macrostructural brain changes. While some recent CT scan studies have reported larger age affects in men than women, others find no sex differences, as brain morphometry is a potentially important tool in diagnosis and monitoring of age-related neurological diseases. A study was conducted on 147 Arakian healthy aged participants in the Department of Radiology, Valie asr Hospital, Arak city. Gray matter (GM), white matter (WM) and CSF was evaluated based on cranial CT scan images. Both males and females subjects were divided into four age groups. In this study, the subjects were 51.7% (76) male and 48.3% (71) female. Frequency of groups showed that the common types were in the 4th group of ages (65.1­80 years) with 44%. Although, in 147cases, all parameters were greater in male than female but no significant differences were seen. The significant differences between the two sexes were in length of cranium and width of cranium. There was significant difference between age groups in male and female. In male groups no significant difference was shown between them, but these were considered statistically significant in female groups in width of cranium (p=0.017), width of gray matter (p=0.008), length of cranium (p=0.052), length of white matter (P=0.024), distance of bicorn anterior (p=0.013), width of white matter in bicoronal Anterior (p=0.046), but in male age groups showed no statistically significant difference. We found changing in brain volume relationship with ageing in population, but this change in female is greater than male.

La edad se asocia con cambios cerebrales sustanciales. Mientras que algunos estudios recientes han reportado que la edad afecta a hombres más que a mujeres, otros no encuentran diferencias sexuales. La morfometría cerebral es una herramienta potencialmente importante en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de enfermedades neurológicas relacionadas con la edad. Se realizó un estudio en 147 participantes sanos de edad avanzada en el Departamento de Radiología, Hospital de Valie asr, ciudad de Arak. La sustancia gris (SG), sustancia blanca (SB) y líquido cerebro-espina (LCR) fueron evaluados en base a imágenes craneales de escáner CT. Los sujetos, hombres y mujeres fueron divididos en cuatro grupos etarios. De los sujetos incluidos en el estudio, 51,7% (76) fueron hombres y 48,3% (71) mujeres. La frecuencia de los grupos mostró que los tipos más comunes estaban en el cuarto grupo etario de (65,1 a 80 años) con un 44%. En 147 casos todos los parámetros fueron mayores en hombres que en mujeres, sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias significativas. Entre los dos sexos las diferencias significativas estaban en longitud de cráneo y ancho del cráneo. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos etarios. En los grupos de hombres, no se demostró ninguna diferencia significativa, pero éstos fueron considerados estadísticamente significativos en ancho de cráneo (p=0,017), ancho de cráneo de las mujeres, la sustancia gris (p=0,008), longitud del cráneo (p=0,052), longitud de la sustancia blanca (P=0,024), distancia anterior del bicornio (p=0,013) y el ancho de la sustancia blanca bicoronal anterior (p=0,046). Sin embargo en los grupos de edad de sexo masculino no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Encontramos cambios en relación al volumen cerebral con el envejecimiento de la población; este cambio en el sexo femenino es mayor que el masculino.

Characterization of occipital condyle and comparison of its dimensions with head and foramen magnum circumferences in dry skulls of Iran / Caracterización del cóndilo occipital y comparación de sus dimensiones con la circunferencia de la cabeza y foramen magno en cráneos secos de Irán

The occipital condyle (OC) is an important area in craniovertebral surgery, but its anatomical features and the procedures concerning the OC have not been studied in detail yet. The aim of this study was to revisit the anatomy of the occipital condyle region and assess variations of the surrounding structures. Observations, on fifty dry skulls (dried specimens, 100 sides) and determined of condyle measurements. The mean length, width and height of occipital condyle were found to be 19.43±3.27 (right), 19.28±3.57 (left), 9.21±1.97 (right) 9.40±1.87 (left), 7.21±1.9 (right) and 7.33±2.74 mm (left), respectively. There were significant differences between right and left occipital condyles. The mean anterior intercondylar distance and posterior intercondylar distance were measured as 15.39±7 and 35.60±8.4 mm, respectively. Variations of occipital condyle shapes were kidney like (34.4%), S-like (25.6), triangular (13.3%) oval (10.0%), ring like (7.8%), eight like (6.7%) and deformed (2.2%) respectively. The condylar fossa presented in 60% of dry skull, 24% in right side and 36% in left side and also the condylar foramen was found in 60% of the specimens studied. There was no relation between the circumference of the head and the length of OC but we found relation between the circumference of the head and the width of OC (0.527) and foramen magnum circumference (0.433). The OC and FM are the main bony structures obstructing the surround of the brainstem. The differences in the size and the shape of occipital condyle have some differences and also similarities among racial subgroups. The posterior condylar vein may act asymmetrically. The correlation of the size of foramen magnum with the width of occipital condyles shows the importance of occipital condyle for lateral movements besides antero-posterior movements.

El cóndilo occipital (CO) es una estructura relevante en la cirugía craneovertebral, pero sus características anatómicas y procedimientos quirúrgicos relativos al CO no se han estudiado detalladamente. El objetivo fue revisar la anatomía de la región del CO y evaluar las variaciones de sus estructuras circundantes. Fueron observados 50 cráneos secos (100 lados) y se determinaron las mediciones del CO. La longitud media según lado fue 19,43±3,27 mm (derecho) y 19,28 ± 3,57 mm (izquierdo), el ancho medio fue 9,21±1,97 mm (derecho) y 9,40±1,87 mm (izquierda) y la altura media fue 7,21±1,9 mm (derecho) y 7,33±2,74 mm (izquierdo). Hubo diferencias significativas entre los CO derechos e izquierdos. La distancia intercondílea anterior y posterior media fue de 15,39±7 mm y 35,60±8,4 mm, respectivamente. La variación de formas del CO fue de riñon (34,4%), de S (25,6%), triangular (13,3%), oval (10,0%), de anillo (7,8%), de ocho (6,7%) y deformada (2,2%). La fosa condilar se observó en el 60% de los casos, 24% en lado derecho y 36% en el izquierdo; también el foramen condilar se encontró en el 60% de los casos. No se encontró relación entre la circunferencia de la cabeza y la longitud del CO, pero encontramos relación entre la circunferencia de la cabeza y el ancho del CO (0,527) y circunferencia del foramen magno (0,433). El CO y foramen magno son las principales estructuras óseas que constribuyen a rodear y proteger el tronco cerebral. Las diferencias en el tamaño y forma del CO tiene algunas diferencias y similitudes entre subgrupos raciales. La vena condilar posterior puede presentarse de manera asimétrica. La correlación del tamaño de foramen magno con el ancho de los CO muestra su relevancia en movimientos laterales y anteroposteriores.

Sonic hedgehog inhibition induces mouse embryonic stem cells to differentiate toward definitive endoderm.

In the experimental group (shh inhibited group), there were significant decreases in the expression of Oct4, Nanog, Shh, GATA4, Brachyury and Goosecoid, while increases were observed for TAT and Pdx1. The expression of Sox17 did not differ between two control and experimental groups. In experimental group, the amount of GSC positive cells was somehow lower but it seems that there was no difference for Sox17. Shh inhibition induces ESCs to differentiate toward definitive endoderm by committing mesendodermal lineages.

Anomalous origin of the circumflex branch from the right coronary artery / Origen anómalo de la rama circunfleja desde la arteria coronaria derecha

Coronary anomalies are a group of congenital disorders. Most of the coronary anomalies are asymptomatic and benign but may cause myocardial ischemia and sudden death. Some of them are dangerous if they associate with other heart diseases. One of the congenital coronary anomalies is anomalous origin of the circumflex branch from the right coronary artery that is a rare congenital anomaly. We present a case of a 61-year-old man with history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. The coronary angiography reveals a circumflex branch from the right coronary artery.

Las anomalías coronarias son un grupo de trastornos congénitos. La mayoría de estas anomalías son asintomáticas y benignas, pero pueden causar isquemia miocárdica y muerte súbita. Algunas son peligrosas si se asocian con enfermedades cardiacas. Una de las anomalías coronarias congénitas corresponde al origen anómalo de la rama circunfleja desde la arteria coronaria derecha, que es poco frecuente. Se presenta un caso de un hombre de 61 años de edad con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus e hiperlipidemia. La angiografía coronaria reveló una rama circunfleja que se originaba desde la arteria coronaria derecha.

Growth pattern in 7-12 years old Arak children (central Iran) in comparison with other ethnic subgroups of Iran.

BACKGROUND: growth is a remarkable index of health and can be influenced by genetic and environment conditions. The pattern of growth is unique for every nation and worldwide studies have demonstrated separate national standards. In the case of Iran, there is not enough information in this field. METHODS: This study was undertaken on 7-12 years old children from Arak. The data for each individual such as age, height, weight and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Differences in the data between two sexes were tested by means of the paired sample t- test and the mean BMI was compared with sex- and age-specific reference values from the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 2000 growth chart using independent sample t-tests. Levels of P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 were recorded as significant. RESULTS: In this study, males were significantly taller and heavier than females at the same age (P < or = 0.01) except for length at age 10 and weight at age 12. The BMI curves were between 50th and 25th percentiles of CDC. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows the effect of socioeconomic background that had been also considered in other studies in Iran. There is a need for ethnic specific growth charts and BMI cut-off points for underweight, overweight and obesity in children of each ethnic subgroup of Iranian population.

The effect of a group exercise program on muscular function among fall-prone elderly women / Efecto de un programa de ejercicios grupales sobre la función muscular entre mujeres de edad avanzada propensas a caídas

In a sampled population of fall-prone elderly women, an exercise protocol was performed for 12 weeks on experimental group and at the end of exercise period, the strength and endurance of muscles and SF-6 Health Surveys were analyzed. Results showed that endurance and strength of muscles and also physical activity were improved in experimental group (P<0.05). Group exercise program causes improvement in both strength and endurance of muscles in fall-prone elderly women. The effect of group exercise program on women may be related to differences in central nervous system of this gender in comparison with men.

En una población de mujeres de edad avanzada propensas a las caídas, se realizó un protocolo de ejercicios durante 12 semanas. Al final del período de ejercicios, se analizó la fuerza y resistencia muscular junto a la encuestas de salud SF-6. Los resultados mostraron que tanto la resistencia y la fuerza muscular, así como la actividad física mejoraron en el grupo experimental (p <0,05). El programa de ejercicio grupal mejoró la fuerza y la resistencia de los músculos en las mujeres de edad avanzada propensas a las caídas. El efecto del programa ejercicio grupal en las mujeres puede estar relacionada con diferencias en el sistema nervioso central de este sexo en comparación con los hombres.

Age at menarche and related factors in girlsof urban areas of Markazi (Central) province of Iran / Edad de la menarquia y factores relacionados en las niñas de zonas urbanas de la provincia Markazi (Central) de Irán

The age at menarche is an indicator of racial, geographical and nutritional patterns of different societies. This cross-sectional study conducted on 1223 girls aged 14-20 in the Markazi (Central) Province, Iran in 2010. In this research, the age at menarche, as the main variable, was determined for each city and compared between different cities. The statistical analyses included c2 test for determining statistically significant differences, variance analysis for determining the difference between groups, and Pearson correlation coefficient for determining the relationship between variables. The average age of first menstruation was 13.21+/-1.33 years in the Markazi Province, with no significant difference among the cities of the province. This age is inversely related to body mass index (BMI), nutritional status and weight. The pattern of distribution of BMI is similar for all the cities in the province. Although, the average age at menarche in the Markazi (central) Province, a cold area, is higher compared to warmer regions in Iran, it may be more influenced by race than by the climate. Considering the lower age at menarche in Markazi Province compared to previous similar studies, it may be stated that social well-being and nutritional standards have improved in the province.

La edad de la menarquia es un indicador de patrones raciales, geográficos y nutricionales de distintas sociedades. Este estudio transversal fue realizado el 2010 en 1223 niñas entre 14 y 20 años en la Provincia Markazi (Central), Irán. En esta investigación, la edad de la menarquia, como la variable principal, se determinaron para cada ciudad y en comparación entre las diferentes ciudades. Los análisis estadísticos incluyeron la prueba c2 para determinar diferencias estadísticamente significativas, el análisis de varianza para determinar la diferencia entre los grupos, y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para determinar la relación entre las variables. El promedio de edad de la primera menstruación fue 13,21+/-1,33 años en la provincia de Markazi, sin diferencias significativas entre las ciudades de la provincia. Esta edad es inversamente proporcional al índice de masa corporal (IMC), el estado nutricional y el peso. El patrón de distribución del IMC es similar para todas las ciudades de la provincia. Aunque la edad media de la menarquia en la Provincia Markazi (central), una zona de clima frío, es mayor en comparación con las regiones más cálidas en Irán, puede estar más influenciadas por la raza que por el clima. Teniendo en cuenta la baja edad de menarquia en la Provincia Markazi en comparación con estudios similares anteriores, se puede afirmar que el bienestar social y los niveles de nutrición han mejorado en la provincia.

Correlation of skull size and brain volume, with age, weight, height and body mass index of Arak Medical Sciences students / Correlación del tamaño craneal y volumen del cerebro, con edad, peso, talla e índice de masa corporal de los estudiantes de Ciencias Médicas de Arak

Anthropometric indices that are indicators of nutrition status in children and adults can be affected by racial and geographic factors. The aim of present study was to investigate the relation of skull size and brain volume of Arak University of Medical Sciences students with their age, weight, height and body mass index. The present study was a cross-sectional study on 18-26 years old students of Arak University of Medical Sciences (150 female and 136 male) in 2009-2010 educational year. Sampling methods were probability and multi-stage methods which were performed using students' educational file and interviewing the subjects. Questions regarding anthropometric data (height, weight, age, body mass index and skull index) were included in the personal questionnaires. Data was analyzed and evaluated statistically using SPSS statistical software. Mean height was 177.27+/-6.41 cm in males and was 166.61+/-5.35 cm in females. Mean weight of males was 73.33+/-9.11 kg and mean weight of females was 55.55+/-7.28. Mean BMI was 23.20+/-2.43 and 21.27+/-2.69 in males and females, respectively. Mean skull index was 1.99+/-0.26 in males and 2.20+/-0.3 in females. Mentioned data were significantly different between males and females. Also mean age of females was less than males. Positive relations were found between skull volume and height, weight, age and BMI in both sexes and this relation is stronger regarding BMI. The present study, supporting the other studies in this field, confirms the relation between skull index and body mass index and indicates the effect of race. Considering the studied population which are students of Arak University of Medical Sciences and are from different regions of the country, similarities between results of this study and studies from Iran and studies conducted in a special region reveals that factor of race is affected by geographical factors.

Los índices antropométricos que son indicadores del estado nutricional en niños y adultos pueden ser afectados por factores raciales y geográficos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar la relación entre el tamaño del cráneo y el volumen del cerebro con la edad, peso, talla e índice de masa corporal en los estudiantes de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Arak. Se realizó un estudio transversal en estudiantes de 18-26 años de edad en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Arak (150 mujeres y 136 hombres) en el año educativo 2009-2010. Los métodos de muestreo fueron probabilidad y métodos de etapas múltiples que se llevaron a cabo utilizando el archivo escolar de los estudiantes y entrevista a los sujetos. Preguntas sobre los datos antropométricos (talla, peso, edad, índice de masa corporal y el índice del cráneo) se incluyeron en los cuestionarios personales. Los datos fueron analizados y evaluados estadísticamente mediante paquete estadístico SPSS. La altura promedio fue 177,27 +/- 6,41 cm en hombres y 166,61 +/- 5,35 cm en las mujeres. La media de peso de los hombres fue 73,33 +/- 9,11 kg y 55,55 +/- 7,28 de las mujeres. El IMC promedio fue 23,20 +/- 2,43 y 21,27 +/- 2,69 en hombres y mujeres, respectivamente. La media del índice craneal fue de 1,99 +/- 0,26 en hombres y 2,20 +/- 0,3 en las mujeres. Los datos mencionados fueron significativamente diferentes entre hombres y mujeres. Además la media de edad de las mujeres fue menor que en los hombres. Las relaciones positivas se encontraron entre el volumen craneal y la altura, peso, edad y el IMC en ambos sexos y esta relación es más fuerte en relación con el IMC. El presente estudio, da apoyo a los otros estudios en este campo, confirma la relación entre el índice craneal y el IMC, y se indica el efecto de la raza. Teniendo en cuenta la población estudiada que son los estudiantes de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Arak en diferentes regiones del país, las similitudes entre los resultados...

Effects of prenatal exposure to extremely low electro-magnetic field on in vivo derived blastocysts of mice.

BACKGROUND: Indisputable population exposure to widespread electromagnetic fields, has grown concerns over the probable health effects of these fields. OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed to examine the possible effects of 50 Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure on the number and quality of mice blastocysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In present study, 66 NMRI pregnant females divided into two treated and non-treated groups. The treated group exposed to ELF-EMF (50 Hz and 6×10(-3) T). Subsequently, embryos were collected by flushing the uterine horn and Fallopian tubes on the day 3 of gestation. Number of trophoectoderm (TE) and Inner Cell Mass (ICM) cells in blastocysts were determined after differential nuclei staining using a modified method. Furthermore, number of all flushed blastocysts calculated in each group. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in mean number of blastocysts in treated (6.64±1.34) and none treated (8.22±1.59) groups. In treated group, there were significant decreased in total cell number of blastocysts (p=0.000), number of ICM cells (p=0.000), and number of TE cells (p=0.001) whereas the ratio of ICM/TE cells increased (p=0.002). CONCLUSION: The data indicate that ELF-EMF is able to affect cellular composition of blastocysts, but it can't omit total volume of blastocysts.

Abnormal originating of vertebral artery in the superior mediastinum: A case report

This study reports the anomalous origin of the left vertebral artery from the beginning of the subclavian artery at the superior mediastinum with no other variation in the pattern of the great vessels of the aortic arch. Indeed, the length of the prevertebral segment (first part) of the left vertebral artery was longer than that of right vertebral artery (AU)

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Mind map teaching of gross anatomy is sex dependent / Mapa conceptual en la enseñanza de la anatomía macroscópica es dependiente del sexo

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using Mind Maps in teaching anatomy and compare it with traditional based slide. This cross-sectional research was carried out in 2009 on 79 second year medical undergraduate students at Ahvaz Jondishapour University of Medical sciences. Four class lectures on the topics of head and neck osteology were taught. The lectures were slide based designed that were chosen from the chapters in the anatomy textbooks and presented by means of a video projection power point system. The students divided randomly into two groups; one group educated by traditional slides while the other by mind map based designed ones. At the end of the term, a multiple-choice involved forty test was undertaken from two groups. The data was investigated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired T test (p<0.05). The mean scores of females in mind map group were higher than that for traditional one (p<0.04), while there were no significant differences in the mean scores of the men of two groups. The mean scores of females were significantly higher than the males in mind map group (p<0.02) and although the mean scores of females in traditional group was higher it was not significant. This paper has shown the efficacy of using mind maps for teaching gross anatomy as a study aid, even when use has been limited to a single exposure. The study found sex-dependent of learning, suggesting that sex may determine the optimal neural network for designing teaching protocols. Indeed, for females, that have obtained better scores, the use of bilateral neural network seems to facilitate the learning process by mind map teaching of anatomy.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la efectividad del uso de mapas conceptuales en la enseñanza de la anatomía y compararla con la tradicional basada en diapositivas. Esta investigación de corte transversal se llevó a cabo en el año 2009 en 79 estudiantes de pregrado del Segundo Año de Medicina en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas Ahvaz Jondishapour. Fueron analizadas cuatro clases conferenciales en los temas de cabeza y cuello óseo. Las conferencias diseñadas se basaron en el uso de diapositivas las que fueron seleccionadas desde los capítulos de libros de Anatomía y se presentaron por medio de proyección de videos utilizando el sistema power point. Los estudiantes fueron divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: un grupo educado por diapositivas tradicionales mientras que el otro se basó en el diseño de mapas mentales. Al final del ciclo de conferencias, una prueba de opción múltiple de cuarenta preguntas se aplicó en ambos grupos. Los datos fueron investigados mediante el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y prueba de la t de Student (p<0,05). Las puntuaciones medias de las mujeres en el grupo de mapa mental fueron mayores que las del grupo diapositivas (p<0,04), mientras que no hubo diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones medias de los hombres de ambos grupos. Las puntuaciones medias de las mujeres fueron significativamente mayores que los hombres en el grupo de mapa mental (p <0,02) y aunque las puntuaciones medias de las mujeres en el grupo diapositivas fue más alto, no fue estadísticamente significativo. En este trabajo se ha demostrado la eficacia del uso de mapas mentales para la enseñanza de anatomía como una ayuda al estudio, incluso cuando el uso se ha limitado a una sola exposición. El estudio encontró que el aprendizaje depende del sexo, lo que sugiere que el sexo puede determinar una red neuronal para el diseño de protocolos óptimos de enseñanza. En efecto, para las mujeres, que tienen mejores calificaciones, el uso de redes neuronales bi...

Characterization of the head and face in 7- 12-years-old Fars children of Arak (Central Iran): an anthropometric study.

Physical variations of races can be characterized by anthropometric indices. However, anthropological findings indicate not only that each racial group has its own standards but within the same race, each subgroup had its own standards. Some anthropometric studies were carried out on Iranian population but they are not enough. In this cross-sectional research 1695 native 7- 12-years-old children from Arak (Central Iran) were investigated. Some of the physical variables such as head length, width and circumference, facial length and width were measured. Cephalic and facial indices based on these variables were evaluated. The results showed that the dominant type of cephalic index was the mesocephalic one, while the dolicocephalic type was less frequent. The dominant type of facial index was the euryprosopic one, the less frequent type the hyperleptoprosopic one. Between males and females no statistically significant differences in the distribution of these indices could be observed. The types of head and face of the Arak children differ somewhat from those observed in populations from other parts of Iran as well as from those of neighboring countries. These differences indicate the importance of the physical standards of the Arak children as a Fars subgroup of Caucasians.