Superinfected COVID-19 in a young patient with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: A case report.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical syndrome with central nervous system (CNS) symptoms usually related to autoregulatory cerebral failure and high blood pressure. Neuroimaging is critical to diagnosis. Neurological presentations of COVID-19 disease are categorized into CNS symptoms and peripheral nervous system (PNS) symptoms. The patient was a 15-year-old female with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who developed PRES with a typical clinical and radiological appearance. She was treated with dexamethasone, phenytoin, sodium valproate and remdesivir. The patient was discharged after recovery of symptoms and was in good general condition. It is recommended that in patients affected by COVID-19 with neurological symptoms, the PRES can be considered in the differential diagnosis.

The Investigation of Insulin Resistance in Two Groups of Epileptic Patients Treated with Sodium Valproate and Carbamazepine.

BACKGROUND: Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely used broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug for therapy of generalized and focal epilepsies. Cross-sectional studies have suggested that valproate treatment may be associated with hyperinsulinemia. We decided to investigate hyperinsulinemia as a health-threatening side effect of VPA in Iranian epileptic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Body mass index (BMI), lipid profile, fasting serum insulin, fasting blood glucose (FBS), and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured in 30 VPA-treated epileptic patients and 30 controls (CBZ-treated). The Chi-square test, t-test, and Pearson correlation test were used. RESULTS: BMI was higher in VPA group than in control group (25.7 ± 3.5 > 21.7 ± 4.1) (0.000 < 0.05). Prevalence of obesity was 16.6% in VPA group that was almost the same and even lower than general Iranian population. Serum triglyceride (TG) (150 ± 77.2) was higher than CBZ group (114 ± 35.2) (P = 0.023 < 0.05). However, serum high-density lipoprotein level was lower in VPA group than controls (45.2 ± 11.7 < 54.4 ± 13.9) (P = 0.008 < 0.05). Serum insulin, FBS, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein did not demonstrate statistically significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Despite the majority of previous studies that are against VPA and according to our study, VPA could be prescribed safely and it may not cause IR and its complications.

Rhombencephalitis by Listeria Monocytogens in Two Diabetic Patients.

Brainstem involvement is a characteristic feature and accounts for the high mortality associated with listeriosis especially in immunosuppressed patients. We report two cases of rhombencephalitis infection by Listeria monocytogenes in a 65 and 63-year-old men with diabetes. They were referred to a neurologist due to fever and drowsiness after 3 weeks. The 65-year-old man had vertigo, diplopia, ataxia, bidirectional nystagmus and the 63-year-old man complained of perioral numbness, dysphagia and dysartheria. Treatment with ampicillin (12 g/day) was started empirically and modified when the culture results were available. The CSF cultures were positive to Listeria monocytogenes and brain MRI findings were suggestive of rhomboencephalitis. Despite delays in treatment, they had a complete clinical recovery with resolution of MRI abnormalities. In contrast to our results, in most reports, a bi-phasic illness has been described and late treatment was associated with unfavorable courses or long lasting sequelae.