RESUMO
Gastroenteritis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the introduction of vaccines against rotavirus, interest has shifted to understanding the epidemiology of norovirus (NoV). While the importance of NoV in gastroenteritis outbreaks is well established, its role in sporadic gastroenteritis is less known. To better define the role of NoV as a cause of sporadic gastroenteritis we investigated its prevalence in the patients seen in our paediatric hospital with special emphasis on its seasonal and age distribution. Over a 12-month period discarded stool specimens submitted to our paediatric hospital for testing of an infectious aetiology were retrieved and additionally tested for NoV by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; demographical and clinical information were also obtained. Overall, NoV was the single most commonly identified pathogen and found in 68/892 (7·6%) total specimens or 68/258 (26%) of pathogen-positive specimens. The highest rates of NoV were detected in children aged 6 months to 4 years (50/332, 15·1%) and presenting between October and January (46/314, 14·7%). NoV has become the main cause of gastroenteritis in our paediatric population.
Assuntos
Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Hospitais Pediátricos , Norovirus/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Distribuição por Idade , Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Fezes/virologia , Gastroenterite/virologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Nova Orleans/epidemiologia , Norovirus/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , Estações do AnoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the palatability, cost and other compliance issues as variables in the selection of antibiotic suspensions for children. METHODS: Eighty-six physicians and health care personnel randomly sampled amoxicillin (used as a standard for comparison) and 11 other antibiotics, evaluating them in categories of appearance, smell, texture, taste and aftertaste. Overall scoring was then adjusted for cost, duration of therapy and dosing intervals. RESULTS: Overall taste (palatability) ranking of antibiotics, highest to lowest, was as follows: loracarbef, cefdinir, cefixime, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clarithromycin, trimethoprim, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefpodoxime and cefuroxime. Overall rating of antibiotics was greatly influenced by other compliance variables, in order of their impact: cost; duration of therapy (5 vs. 10 days); and dosing intervals. Cost was not judged to be a major factor by most participants unless antibiotic expense was >$50.00 for treatment of otitis media in our hypothetical 2-year-old, 13-kg child. Taking all variables into consideration, final ranking from highest to lowest was azithromycin, cefdinir, loracarbef, cefixime, amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefpodoxime, trimethoprim, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime and amoxicillin/clavulanate. CONCLUSIONS: Variables related to compliance for families filling antibiotic prescriptions and children taking these products are important in the selection of antimicrobial therapy. Because final assessment is likely to vary considerably among health care personnel, decisions must be made on an individual basis.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Otite Média/tratamento farmacológico , Cooperação do Paciente , Amoxicilina/administração & dosagem , Amoxicilina/economia , Antibacterianos/classificação , Antibacterianos/economia , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Satisfação do Paciente , Penicilinas/administração & dosagem , Penicilinas/economia , Médicos , Honorários por Prescrição de Medicamentos , Suspensões , Paladar , Fatores de TempoAssuntos
Cefotaxima/farmacologia , Cefalosporinas/farmacologia , Abscesso Epidural/microbiologia , Penicilinas/farmacologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Amoxicilina/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Cefazolina/farmacologia , Pré-Escolar , Ácido Clavulânico/farmacologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Humanos , Masculino , Infecções Respiratórias/complicações , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Combinação Trimetoprima e Sulfametoxazol/farmacologiaRESUMO
The protective efficacy of an oral inactivated whole cell Vibrio cholerae plus recombinant B subunit cholera vaccine was determined against El Tor cholera among Peruvian children and adults (2-65 years old) in a randomized, double-blind manner. Study subjects received 2 doses of vaccine or placebo 2 weeks apart, followed by a booster dose 10 months later. Surveillance for cholera was performed actively, with 2 visits per week to each household, and passively, at a local hospital. Stool samples were collected during diarrhea episodes and were cultured for V. cholerae. A total of 17,799 persons received 2 doses of vaccine or placebo, and 14,997 of these persons received the booster dose. After 2 doses (first surveillance period), V. cholerae biotype O1 was isolated from 17 vaccinees and 16 placebo recipients, demonstrating vaccine efficacy (VE) of -4%. After 3 doses (second surveillance period), V. cholerae O1 was isolated from 13 vaccinees and 32 placebo recipients, demonstrating VE of 61% (95% confidence interval ¿CI, 28%-79%). In the second surveillance period, the VE for illness requiring hospitalization was 82% (95% CI, 27%-96%). VE was also higher for persons >15 years old (VE, 72%; 95% CI, 28%-89%).
Assuntos
Toxina da Cólera/imunologia , Vacinas contra Cólera , Cólera/imunologia , Cólera/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Administração Oral , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cólera/epidemiologia , Toxina da Cólera/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Cólera/administração & dosagem , Diarreia/virologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peru/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Vibrio cholerae/imunologia , Vibrio cholerae/isolamento & purificação , Eliminação de Partículas ViraisRESUMO
The effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on the nutritional status of children in a developing country was studied using a cross-sectional design. Children attending an all-girl public school in inner Guatemala City, Guatemala were evaluated to acquire sociodemographic information and anthropometric nutritional parameters (weight-for-height [WFH] and height-for-age [HFA]), and detect H. pylori-specific serum IgG antibodies. Of 211 children 5-10 years of age, 107 (51%) were infected. The WFH values were not different between infected and uninfected subjects, and were not affected by the sociodemographic variables. The HFA values decreased significantly with age (P = 0.008), lower income (P = 0.04), and H. pylori infection (P = 0.05). When controlled for age and income level, the effect of infection on HFA became nonsignificant (P = 0.30). Helicobacter pylori appeared to have no effect on the nutritional status of the studied children; the differences detected were small and likely due to sociodemographic factors.
Assuntos
Infecções por Helicobacter , Helicobacter pylori , Estado Nutricional , Fatores Etários , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Estatura , Peso Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Guatemala , Infecções por Helicobacter/epidemiologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/fisiopatologia , Helicobacter pylori/imunologia , Humanos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosAssuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologia , Streptococcus pyogenes/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Criança , Feminino , Haemophilus influenzae/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Streptococcus pyogenes/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Helicobacter pylori induces gastric inflammation and the the production of cytokines in infected individuals. Theoretically, this increased production of cytokines could be deleterious for the control of the glycemia of patients with diabetes. This study aimed to describe the insulin requirement among patients with type 1 diabetes and H pylori infection compared with uninfected counterparts. METHODS: Cross-sectional design. Demographic information (age, gender, race, annual family income, and number of individuals per room in the household) and clinical information (age at diagnosis of diabetes, duration of illness, weight, height, compliance with clinical appointments, daily insulin units per kilogram of body weight [IU/kg/d], and glycosylated hemoglobin A level) was obtained from children and adolescents with diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus who were seen at Children's Hospital in New Orleans. A total of 2 mL of blood was also collected and sera were tested for H pylori-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies using an enzyme immunoassay. The daily insulin requirement among infected and uninfected children was compared, and the effect of other variables was evaluated with multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Of the 71 subjects who were evaluated (median age: 11 years), 11 (15.5%) were found to be infected. H pylori infection was more frequent among subjects who were older, who had a lower family income, and who were black. Infected children were found to require more insulin (1.2 vs 0.9 IU/Kg/d) and their glycosylated hemoglobin A level was higher (14.9 vs 11.8) than the level found in uninfected subjects. Multiple linear regression analysis identified H pylori infection duration of illness, race (black), body mass index, and gender (female), to be associated independently with increased daily insulin requirement (IU/kg/d). CONCLUSION: n our study population, children with type 1 diabetes and H pylori infection had an increased daily insulin requirement compared with the requirement of their uninfected peers. The reason for this association requires additional investigation.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/complicações , Infecções por Helicobacter/complicações , Helicobacter pylori , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Análise de Variância , População Negra , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Infecções por Helicobacter/etnologia , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Fatores SocioeconômicosAssuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Cloranfenicol/uso terapêutico , Enterococcus faecium/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Meningites Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Enterococcus faecium/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/diagnóstico , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Meningites Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Vancomicina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Acute gastroenteritis represents a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality among children in the developing world as well as morbidity in the developed world. Despite the large number of potential etiologic agents, management of gastroenteritis is uniform and aimed to prevent the two major complications, dehydration and malnutrition. Current guidelines emphasize the use of oral rehydration and the early reintroduction of age-appropriate foods. These guidelines are reviewed here, the underlying principles discussed, and practical points provided.
Assuntos
Gastroenterite/etiologia , Doença Aguda , Fatores Etários , Criança , Desidratação/etiologia , Desidratação/terapia , Hidratação , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/mortalidade , Humanos , Distúrbios Nutricionais/etiologia , Distúrbios Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Distúrbios Nutricionais/terapiaRESUMO
The factors influencing the risk of acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection are not well established. One hundred four children (0-17 years of age) requiring an endoscopy for the evaluation of gastrointestinal symptoms had demographic and dietary data collected and biopsy specimens of the gastric antrum stained for the identification of H. pylori. The 52 (50%) infected subjects were significantly older than the uninfected ones with no difference in gender, crowding, source of drinking water, or exposure to domestic animals. Increased prevalence of infection was associated with increased consumption of food from street vendors, and decreased consumption of fruits in the subgroup that denied consuming food from street vendors. No association was found with consumption of fish, chicken, beef, beans, vegetables, rice, cheese, milk, and unboiled water. These findings support the role of food prepared under unhygienic conditions as a probable mechanism of transmission of H. pylori in developing countries.
Assuntos
Manipulação de Alimentos , Infecções por Helicobacter/transmissão , Helicobacter pylori , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dieta , Feminino , Infecções por Helicobacter/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Peru/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) comprises hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. It is the most frequent cause of acute renal failure in children. METHODS: This review is based on an extensive overview of the literature dealing with the HUS in children. RESULTS: HUS is the most common cause of acute renal failure in infants and young children and follows a diarrheal prodrome approximately 90% of the time. Nearly all postdiarrheal cases are caused by enterohemorrhagic E coli infections, in particular serotype O157:H7. Mortality is around 5%, and approximately 50% of survivors manifest some types of sequelae. CONCLUSION: Surveillance and contact investigation are important to control outbreaks, as well as early and aggressive treatment of symptomatic subjects to prevent mortality and severe complications, such as chronic renal disease.
Assuntos
Infecções por Escherichia coli/complicações , Escherichia coli O157 , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/microbiologia , Criança , Infecções por Escherichia coli/diagnóstico , Infecções por Escherichia coli/terapia , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/diagnóstico , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/terapia , HumanosRESUMO
We report the case of an infant with progressive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and persistent seronegativity. The child had Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at 4 months of age and was documented to be HIV-infected by HIV-1 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot tests for HIV-1 and HIV-2 specific antibodies remained negative until the infant was 10 months old. This case should increase awareness about the possibility of seronegative HIV infection in infants and stress the fact that in questionable cases, even if the screening serology is negative, additional methods of diagnosis (ie, PCR, viral culture, and p24 antigen) should be considered.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/congênito , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/diagnóstico , Soronegatividade para HIV , HIV-1 , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/imunologia , Western Blotting , Progressão da Doença , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/diagnóstico , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Serologic responses to proteins of rotavirus serotypes G1, P1A[8]; G2, P1B[4]; G3, P1A[8]; and G4, P2A[6] were evaluated by immunoblotting paired sera from 17 children with primary rotavirus infection. Ten children were infected with G1, P1A[8]; five with G4, P1A[8]; and two with G4, P2A[6] viruses. Anti-VP6 and anti-VP2 were seen in most responses. Homotypic anti-VP7 developed following G1 and G4 infections in 8 (80%) and 6 (86%) cases, respectively. Homotypic anti-VP4 developed in 9 (60%) cases following P1A[8] infection and in 0 of 2 cases following P2A[6] infection. Heterotypic anti-VP7 appeared against G4 (20%) and G3 (20%) following the 10 G1 infections, and against G3 (86%) and G1 (57%) following the 7 G4 infections. Heterotypic anti-VP4 occurred in only 3 (18%) children. The data show the antigenic predominance of internal proteins VP6 and VP2. Homotypic antibodies developed against VP7 but not against VP4 in most cases, while heterotypic antibodies were infrequent.
Assuntos
Infecções por Rotavirus/imunologia , Rotavirus/imunologia , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Lactente , Rotavirus/classificação , SorotipagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on the frequency, circumstances and management of sharp object injuries (SOIs) in pediatric facilities. METHOD: SOIs reported at a large children's hospital during a 2-year period were reviewed. RESULTS: One hundred thirteen SOIs were reported for an average of 6 injuries per 100 employees per year. The greatest number of injuries occurred among nurses (46%) and physicians (23%), but phlebotomists experienced the highest rate (25.5 injuries per 100 full time equivalent employees per year). Most common locations were the patient room (27%), operating room (25%) and intensive care units (17%). Needles accounted for 71% of injuries and procedural devices accounted for 22%. Forty-eight percent of injuries occurred during use of the item, 42% after use or during disposal and 7% after disposal. Twenty percent were associated with loose sharps and 15% with inadvertent patient movement. Only 2 injuries were associated with recapping. Eighty-eight percent of the objects were contaminated with blood or body fluid. Of 88 known source patients 1 tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, 2 for hepatitis C virus and none for HIV. One hundred four employees sought treatment: 36 received tetanus vaccine; 14 received hepatitis B vaccine; 9 received hepatitis B immunoglobulin; and 12 received zidovudine. No employee subsequently tested positive for HIV, hepatitis B virus, or hepatitis C virus. CONCLUSIONS: SOIs represent a frequent occurrence among pediatric health care workers. Minimizing the use of sharps, appropriately restraining patients during procedures and promptly disposing of sharp items after use might decrease the frequency of SOIs.
Assuntos
Pessoal de Saúde , Ferimentos Penetrantes Produzidos por Agulha/epidemiologia , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Ferimentos e Lesões/epidemiologia , HumanosRESUMO
Helicobacter pylori commonly infects children in developing countries. To determine the frequency of this infection and its potential role in specific gastrointestinal entities, all patients requiring upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for the evaluation of abdominal ailments in a gastroenterology practice in Lima, Peru, were evaluated during a 1-year period. Gastric biopsies were obtained for each child and were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Warthin-Starry stains. Of the 107 evaluable patients (mean age 7.4 years, 58% boys), 52 (49%) were infected. The infection rate increased with older patients (P = 0.004). Children with recurrent abdominal pain (P = 0.04), an endoscopic finding of nodular gastritis (P = 0.007), and a histologic finding of chronic active gastritis (P < 0.0001) were infected more commonly.
Assuntos
Dor Abdominal/diagnóstico , Gastrite/diagnóstico , Infecções por Helicobacter/diagnóstico , Infecções por Helicobacter/epidemiologia , Helicobacter pylori , Adolescente , Biópsia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Mucosa Gástrica/patologia , Gastroscopia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Peru/epidemiologia , RecidivaRESUMO
This study examined the palatability of 22 antimicrobial suspensions by using five independent categories for scoring: appearance, smell, texture, taste, and aftertaste. The likely overall influence on patient compliance was also evaluated. Drugs were compared within their respective classes. The only antibiotics judged to be so unpalatable as to potentially jeopardize compliance were dicloxacillin, oxacillin, erythromycin/sulfisoxazole, and cefpodoxime. Among the penicillins, amoxicillin and ampicillin were preferred. Azithromycin was slightly superior to erythromycin and clarithromycin within the macrolide class. Many cephalosporins were ranked quite high, the best being loracarbef, cefadroxyl, cefprozil, and cefixime.